Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2009; Cilt: 20; Sayı: 3>> Özet
TAM METİN
Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2009;20(3):269-281
Şizofreni Spektrum Bozukluklarında Zihin Kuramı
E Bora
University of Melbourne Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Melbourne
Amaç: Şizofreni spektrum bozukluklarında zihin kuramı (ZK) yetisini inceleyen çalışmaları gözden geçirmek ve zihin kuramı bozukluğunun niteliğini incelemek.

Yöntem: Ayrıntılı bir literatür taraması sonrası 71 çalışmaya ulaşılmıştır. ZK bozukluğunun hastalığın evresiyle, belirtilerle, diğer bilişsel işlevler ve hastalığın diğer özelliklerle ilişkisini inceleyen veriler gözden geçirilmiştir.

Bulgular: Zihin kuramını ölçmek için kullanılan araçların psikometrik özellikleri çok sağlam değildir. Ancak Şizofrenide ZK çalışmaları yine de kimi önemli sonuçlar vermiştir. Şizofrenide ZK bozukluğu akut evrede daha şiddetli olmakla birlikte iyilik döneminde de devam etmektedir. Şizofreni hastalarının birinci derece akrabalarında, sanrısal bozukluk ve şizotipi skoru yüksek bireylerde de ZK bozukluğu olduğunu gösteren veriler vardır. Psikotik ve belirgin negatif bulguları olan hastalarda ZK bozukluğu şizofreninin birincil bir özelliğidir. ZK bozukluğu, şizofrenin iyi seyirli formlarında, iyilik döneminde belirgin pozitif ve negatif bulguları olmayan hastalarda, sanrısal bozuklukta ve bipolar bozuklukta frontal işlev bozukluklarına ikincil olabilir. Ayrıca ZK bozukluğu hastaların sosyal işlevsellik ve içgörü sorunlarıyla ilişkili gözükmektedir.

Sonuç: ZK bozukluğu hastalık dönemiyle de ilişkili olmakla birlikte, şizofreninin olası endofenotiplerinden biridir. Ancak ZK bozukluğunun özgül bir endofenotip olmaktan çok diğer frontal lob işlev bozukluklarıyla ilişkili olması da olası gözükmektedir. Yüksek psikoz riski taşıyan bireylerde yapılacak uzunlamasına çalışmalar özellikle önem taşımaktadır.
Theory of Mind in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Objective: To review studies that investigated theory of mind (ToM) deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Method: After a thorough literature search, 71 studies were included in this review. Data regarding the relationship between ToM, and other cognitive skills, symptoms, and the impact of the state of illness were reviewed.

Results: ToM instruments used in schizophrenia spectrum disorders have some major psychometric limitations; however, previous research was still able to provide some important findings regarding mentalizing impairments in schizophrenia. While ToM deficits are more pronounced in the acute phase of illness, it seems to persist during periods of remission. There is also evidence of ToM deficits in the healthy relatives of schizophrenics, patients with delusional disorder and bipolar disorder (BD), and individuals with high schizotypy scores. ToM dysfunction might be secondary to other cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia that have a good prognosis, asymptomatic schizophrenia, delusional disorder, and BD. Other cognitive deficits do not seem to explain ToM dysfunction in patients with psychosis and severe negative symptoms. These findings support the contribution of impairment in both domain-general and domain-specific mechanisms to ToM deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. ToM deficits may be important for understanding poor social functioning and poor insight in psychotic disorders.

Conclusion: While ToM is influenced by state variables, it might be an endophenotype of schizophrenia; however, ToM is likely to be an indicator of other frontal lobe-related endophenotypes. Longitudinal studies conducted with high-risk individuals are particularly important.

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