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Yıl:2009; Cilt: 10; Sayı: Ek 2>> Özet
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2009;10(Ek 2):58-59
Damgalama süreci ve şizofreniye yönelik damgalama
EO Taşkın
Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, Manisa
Günümüzde ruhsal bozukluğu olan kişiler tüm dünyada hala büyük bir damgalanma ve ayrımcılık ile karşı karşıyadır. Damgalama sürecinde hastalar hem toplum tarafından dışlanmakta, hem de kendilerini toplumdan yalıttığı bilinen bir durumdur. Damgalama ve damgalanma endişe-si ruhsal bozuklukların sağaltımı için önemli bir engeldir. Damgalanma endişesi nedeni ile kişiler sağaltım için başvurmaktan çekinmekte, sağaltım başlandığında da, hastaların toplum tarafından dışlanması ve yakın sosyal ilişkilerden yoksun kalması daha iyi bir iyilik halinin sağlanması için bir engel oluşturmaktadır. Diğer yandan damgalama sağaltıma uyumu azaltmaktadır. Ruhsal bozukluğu olan kişiler toplum içinde diğerlerinden farklı olarak algılanmakta ve bu kişilere olumsuz özellikler atfedilmektedir. Bu sürecin sonucu, ruhsal bozukluğu olan kişilerin dışlanması ve yalıtılmasıdır. Toplumun ruhsal bozukluğu olan kişilere ilişkin tutumlarını belirleyen en önemli değişken hastaların “tehlikeli” ve “ne zaman ne yapacağı bilinmez kişiler” olduğuna inancıdır. Ruhsal hastalıklara yönelik damgalama, ayrımcılık ve dışlamanın büyük oranda toplumsal ve kişisel gereksinimlerin tehdit altında olduğu algısından kaynaklanmaktadır. Birisini etiketleme ile başlayan damgala-ma süreci ayrımcılık ile sona erer. Günlük uygulamalarda, hastalar psikiyatriye başvurduktan ve bir tanı konduktan sonra, ayrımcılığa maruz kalmasalar bile kendilerini damgalanmış olarak hissetmektedir. Damgalama duygusu ve algısı bir ruhsal bozukluk tanısı konmasıyla başlamaktadır. Ruhsal bozukluğu olanları damgalama eğilimi yüksek olanlar, kendilerini daha fazla damgalama eğilimindedir. İçselleştirilmiş damgalama, nesnel olarak dışlanma ya da ayrımcılığa maruz kalma deneyimlerinden bağımsız olarak oluşmaktadır. Bu nedenle bir ruhsal hastalığı olan kişiler kendilerinin toplum tarafından damgalandıklarını ve dışlandıklarını düşünmeye başlamaktadır. Sonuçta damgalanma korkusu yanında damgalanma algısı da sağaltım açısından aynı olumsuzluklara neden olmaktadır.

Ruhsal bozukluklar içinde en olumsuz tutumlara maruz kalan iki hasta grubu şizofreni ve alkol/ madde bağımlılığı hastalarıdır. Bu durumun en önemli nedeni de şizofreni hastalarının yaygın olarak “tehlikeli” ve “ne zaman ne yapacakları belli olmayan kişiler” olarak değerlendirilmesidir. Bu tutumla ilişkili duygular da öncelikle “korku” ve “öfke”dir. Ruhsal hastalığı olanlarla ilgili sosyal mesafe isteği ve tehlikelilik algısı büyük oranda bu duygulardan (özellikle korku) şekillenmektedir.

Bunun yanında, hastalığın etiyolojisi konusundaki olumsuz inançlar, hastalık nedeni olarak hastayı sorumlu tutmak, şizofreniyi bir beyin hastalığı olarak değerlendirmek damgalamayı olumsuz etkilemektedir. Ruhsal bozukluklara yönelik tutumların şekillenmesinde medyanın (özellikle televizyonun) önemli bir rolü vardır, fakat ruhsal bozukluğu olanlar medyada doğru biçimde tanımlanmamaktadır. Medyada çıkan saldırganlık ve şiddet içerikli haberler toplum-daki “ruhsal bozukluğu olanlar saldırgan olur” şeklindeki inancın oluşmasına ve sürmesine katkıda bulunmaktadır.


Stigmatization process and stigmatization towards schizophrenia
All over the world, people with mental illnesses stil face great stigma and discrimination. It’s known that not only are people with mental illness excluded from community but they also tend to isolate themselves from community during stigma process. Stigma and concerns about being stigmatizied are important barriers to the tretament of mental illnesses. Because of concern about stigmatization, people are reluctant to seek treatment. Deprivation in social contacts and discrimination of patients with mental illness constitute barrier to improve well-being during treatment. On the other hand stigma also undermines treatment adherence. People with mental illness are perceived different from other people in general public and attributed negative characteristics. The result of this process is social exclusion and isolation of patients with mentally ill. Attitudes of general public towards mentally ill is mostly affected by belief that people with mental illness are dangerous and unpredictable. Stigma, discrimination and exclusion towards mental illnesses are largely based on perceived threats towards social and personal needs. Stigmatization pro-cess begins with labelling someone and results in discrimination. In daily practice, patients who were attended to a psychiatric service and diagnosed with a mental illness felt as stigmatized although they are not subject to discrimination. Feeling and perception of stigma begin with a mental illness diagnosis. People who are more prone to stigmatize persons with a mental illness are more likely to have more self-stigma. Internalized stigma occurs separately from to be a subject of objectively exclusion and discrimination. Because of that people with a mental disorder begin to believe that they were stigmatized by and excluded from community members. As a result beside to fear of being stigmatized, perception of being stigmatized effect negatively treatment of mental disorder.

Most negative attitudes expressed towards patients with mental disorders are patients with schizophrenia and alcohol/substance dependence. Because people with schizophrenia are widely perceived as dangerous and unpredict-able. The emotions associated with this attitude are “fear” and “anger”. The desire for social distance and perception of dangerous about people with mentally ill are mostly formed by this emotional recaction (specially fear). On the other hand negative etiological beliefs about illness, to consider people with a mental disorder for their mental illness and understanding schizophrenia as a brain disease effect stig-matization negatively. Media (especially television) have an important role in shaping attitudes towards mental illness. But people with mental disorders are not described accurately in the media. The belief of “people with mental disorder are dangerous” in the community is establishing and perpetuating by the news in the media.

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