Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2009; Cilt: 10; Sayı: Ek 2>> Özet
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2009;10(Ek 2):28-29
Bilgi sayarak öğrenmek, bilgisayarlarla öğrenmek
AG Sorguç, NE Özen
Middle East Technical University, Mimarlık Bölümü, Ankara
Günümüzde bilgisayar ve bilişim teknolojileri, bilgi alanlarını, eğitim ve öğretim modellerini hatta sosyal yapıları ve sosyalleşme modlarını yeniden sorgulatmakta ve yeni model arayışlarını kaçınılmaz kılarak paradigmatik değişimlere neden olmaktadır. Modern anlamdaki bilgisayarların ortaya çıktığı 1930’lardan bu yana basit hesaplamalardan karmaşık modellere (fizik modelleri, matematik modelleri, sosyal modeller, foto gerçeklik gibi), yeni iletişim biçimlerinden, farklı bilgi paylaşımları ve bunun sonucunda ortaya çıkan yeni global ve belki de trans-global düzenlerin oluşmasına neden olan bu teknolojiler öğrenme ve öğretme eylemleri-nin de sorgulanmasını gerekmektedir.

Çok erken yaşlarda tanışılan farklı bilgisayar uygulama ve teknolojilerinin ardında yatan farklı katmanlardaki yazılımlar bilgisayarların bir araçtan bir ortama (media) evrilmesini sağlayan temel yapıları oluşturmaktadır. Basit anlamda bir dizi algoritmanın bir bilgisayar dili kulanılarak, verilerin farklı değişkenlerle aktarılması, işlenmesi ve okunabilmesine olanak veren bir yapı, ya da daha yalın bir tanımla bir dizi yine-lenebilir kural/komut olarak tanımlanan yazılım-lar bu teknolojilerin kullanım biçim ve alanlarını da tanımlamaktadır. Yazılımların temelini oluşturan algoritmaların 20. yüzyılın bir ürünü olduğunu düşünmek bir yanılsamadır. Algoritma bir problemin tanımlanıp, çözümü için gereken yöntem ve süreci içeren bir sürecin tanımlanması ya da bir bilgi sayma eylem ve sürecidir. Bilgi sayanın bilgisayar teknolojilerini bütün potansiyelleri ile birlikte kullanabilmek ve bu kullanımı bilgiye dönüştürme becerisini kazanmak için “bilgi sayma/bilgisayar okuryazarlığı”nı kazanması önem taşımaktadır. Bilgi sayma ve bilgisayar bilgisi olarak tanımlanacak bu kavram, kullanıcının bu ara yüzleri kullanmadaki verimlilik ve başarısında belirleyici olduğu gibi, kullanıcının rahatsızlığının bir göstergesi olarak da (anxiety index) görülmektedir.

Öte yandan, çok erken yaşlarda bilgisayar teknolojileri ile başlayan tanışıklık, özellikle öğrenme ve öğretme eylemlerinin de farklılaş-masını gerektirmektedir. Öğrenciler ve genel anlamıyla öğrenenler artık bir tabula rasa değildir. Her türlü bilgiye ulaşmak kolaylaşmakta, en uç kullanıcı yazılımları son derece kolay ara yüzlerle tanımlanmakta ve bu teknolojileri kullanmak giderek kolaylaşmaktadır. Bu gelişme bir paradoksu da beraberinde getirmektedir: bilgi sayma teknolojilerine yabancılaşma. Oysa bilgi sayanın bu teknolojilerde kullanılan algo-ritmik düşünce sistematiğini anlaması, iyi tanım-lanmamış (ill-defined) bir sorunu, verileri, değiş-kenleri, kısıtları, olası çıktıları ile doğru tanım-lama, çözüm yolunu sistematik bir yapı içinde belirleme ve çıkan sonuçları da yeni bilgiler öğrenme ya da var olan bilgiyi geliştirme bece-risine dönüştürmesi önemlidir. Bu süreçte gözlem/sezgi/yaratıcılık gibi var olan bilgiyi kullanma, analiz, sentez, düşünceleri sıralama gibi bilişsel öğrenme (cognitive learning) etkili olmaktadır. Bilişsel öğrenme, psikolojide kabul gören önemli öğrenme kuramlarındandır.

Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmada bilgisayarla öğrenmenin öncelikle bilgi sayarak öğrenmek ile başlaması gerektiği, bilgi sayarak öğrenmenin ne olduğu ve bu bağlamda düşünce biçimlerimizin bu teknoloji ile birlikte nasıl evrilmesi gerektiği tartışılmış ve bilgisayarla öğrenmek için bilgi saymayı öğrenmek gerektiği vurgulanmıştır.
To learn as computational thinking, to learn with computers
Computational and information technologies have been forcing knowledge domains, educa-tion and learning models, social structures and modes of socializations to be re-investigated and thus search of new models as well as para-digm changes are inevitable.

Since 1930’s, the first ancestors of modern computers appeared on the stage, the evolution of these technologies from simple calculations to complex computational models (models on mathematics, physics, social structures, or photo realities etc.), from new communication models to new modes of knowledge sharing and resulting new global and trans-global systems necessitate the exploration of new learning and teaching processes.

Various computer applications and technologies that we become acquainted with starting in the early ages, rely on software and programs stored in various layers of computers. These programs/software evolve computers from being simple electronic devices to a medium/ interface that we experience today. These software and/or programs which can simply be defined as number of algorithms generated by a computer [language] to “translate” data into a set of variables, allowing to be read and processed repeatedly in a flexible way, determine the extent of applications and the use of these technologies. It is a general mis-conception to think that algorithms which are the pillars of software/programs is a term generated in the 20th century. Algorithms composed of clearly defined methods and techniques to solve a specified problem can be considered as pro-cess of computation. Hence, it is necessary to develop skills and knowledge for computer literacy in order to use computational techno-logies with all potentials. Computer literacy, which can be briefly described as the know-ledge of computation and computer technolo-gies, determine the skill and efficiency of user in utilizing such technologies or it can be regarded as an indication showing the user’s discomfort or anxiety in using these technologies.

On the other hand early encounter with these technologies forces learning and teaching processes to be revised. Students or learners in general cannot be considered as “tabula rasa” in the age of computation/information. It is clear that reaching out any information/knowledge is getting easier, and end-user can easily use computers with fool-proof and very user friendly software. Yet, this development brings aside a paradox: to be more and more unfamiliar to computational technologies which are actually the backbone of computation tools. However, understanding the algorithmic thinking system-atic, to be able to well-define an ill-defined problem with its data, variables, constraints and possible output, to define the solution method clearly and to use these output to build up knowledge are expected skill that users should develop in experiencing computational media. Cognitive skills like observation/intuition/crea-tivity or ability to use the existing knowledge, competences on analysis and synthesis, thinking orderly are effective in computational thinking. Hence cognitive learning theory which is one of the important and widely accepted theories in psychiatry helps researchers and practitioners in discussing new mind sets of this paradigm.

Therefore, in this study, the importance of computational thinking prior to learn computational technologies and to learn with computers, computational thinking and new mind sets required in relation with these media are dis-cussed. It is emphasized that in order to learn with computer, it is necessary to begin with computational thinking.

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