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Yıl:2009; Cilt: 47; Sayı: 3>> Özet
TAM METİN
Yeni Symposium; 2009;47(3):129-134
Epilepsi ve DEHB Tanılı Çocuklarda Güncel Tedavi Yaklaşımları
ÖY Öç, I Karakaya, ŞG Şişmanlar
Kocaeli Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları AD.
Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu'nda [DEHB] epilepsi veya eşik altı epileptik deşarjlara normal popülasyona göre daha sık rastlanmaktadır. Epilepsi tanılı hastalarda da dikkatsizlik belirtileri ve/veya DEHB tanısı sağlıklı kontrollere göre daha sıktır. Epilepsinin dikkat problemlerine yol açtığına dair bir fikir birliği vardır. Bu durum epilepsinin veya antiepileptik tedavinin etkisine bağlı olabilir. DEHB'nun frontostriatal alanlardaki işlevsel ve yapısal sorunlardan kaynaklandığı düşünüldüğünden nöbet odağı ve tipinin DEHB gelişiminde bir risk faktörü olabileceği öne sürülmüştür. Epilepsi tanısı konan çocuklarda DEHB belirtileri ve diğer davranış problemlerinin ortaya çıkmasını kolaylaştıran diğer risk faktörleri iyi bir nöbet kontrolünün olmaması, eşik altı epileptiform deşarjların varlığı, dikkat ve davranış sorunlarını arttıran antiepileptik ilâç kullanımı, uyku bozuklukları ve uykuda ortaya çıkan nöbetler olarak sayılabilir. DEHB ve epilepsi birlikteliğine sık rastlanması tedavi seçeneklerindeki zorlukları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Epilepsi tedavisinde kullanılan antiepileptik ilâçların bâzıları dikkatsizlik, hareketlilik ve itkiselliği [impulsivity] kötüleştirerek belirgin davranış sorunlarına yol açabilmektedir. Epilepsi tanılı çocuklarda stimülan ilâçların nöbet eşiğini düşürdüğü söylenmekle birlikte, açık uçlu çalışmalar ve vak'a serileri stimülanların nöbetler üzerinde belirgin bir etki ortaya çıkarmadığını bildirmektedir. Çalışmalarda nöbetler kontrol altına alındıktan ve dikkat sorunlarına yol açabilecek risk faktörleri dışlandıktan sonra DEHB tedavisi için metilfenidat kullanımı en uygun seçenek olarak önerilmektedir. Stimülanların etkisiz kaldığı veya nöbet sıklığını arttırdığı düşünülürse ikinci seçenek olarak atomoksetinin kullanılabileceğini bildirilmektedir. Bu yazıda epilepsi tanılı çocuklarda DEHB görülme sıklığı, DEHB ve epilepsi eş tanısının akademik performanslarına etkisi, eşik altı epileptik deşarjların dikkat ve davranış üzerine etkileri tartışılacak ve epilepsi tanılı çocuklarda DEHB tedavisi ile ilgili son yazın bilgileri gözden geçirilecektir.
Current Therapeutic Approaches of Children with Epilepsy and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Epilepsy or subclinical epileptic discharges are common in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or attention problems are also more common in epilepsy patients in compare with normal controls. There appears to be a consensus that children with epilepsy are at increased risk for inattention. As attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is thought to be the result of functional and structural abnormalities at the frontostriatal region, it is supposed that focus and type of the seizure may be risk factors for the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Other risk factors that may increase attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and the other behavioral problems in epileptic children are ineffective treatment of epilepsy; subclinical epileptic discharges; using antiepileptics that may increase the attentional and behavioral problems as side effects; sleep disorders; and seizures that appears during sleep. The coincidence of epilepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder causes difficulties in treatment of comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. First, some antiepileptic drugs may cause behavioral problems by exacerbating inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Secondly, alt hough stimulants commonly are believed to lower the threshold for seizures, several studies have revealed that they do not exacerbate well-controlled epilepsy. After controlling the seizures and ruling out the risk factors that may cause attentional problems, the most effective drugs in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are recommended as methylphenidate in the fist line, and atomoxetin in the second line. We aim to discusses; the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy from several perspectives, including the epidemiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with epilepsy, the effect of the comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy on academic performance, the factors leading to diagnostic difficulties between epilepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, the effect of subclinical epileptic discharges on attention, the effects of antiepileptic therapy on attention and behavior, and finally the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with epilepsy in this article.

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