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Yıl:2009; Cilt: 10; Sayı: Ek 1>> Özet
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2009;10(Ek 1):41-42
Dirençli obsesif-kompulsif bozuklukta tedavi seçenekleri
O Doğan
Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Sivas
Obsesif-kompulsif bozukluk (OKB) hastalarında ilaç tedavisine yanıt oranı %50-60’tır. OKB’de direnç, “klomipramin ve en az iki seçici serotonin gerialım inhibitörünün (SSRI) yeterli dozda ve yeterli süre kullanılmasına karşın yanıt alınamaması” olarak tanımlanır. Remisyon ve tedaviye yanıtın kesin ölçütleri yoktur.

Direncin nedenleri yanlış tanı, yetersiz tedavi (doz, süre), tedaviye geç başlanması, komorbi-dite (şizotipal kişilik, sosyal fobi), içgörü eksikliği, ilaç yan etkileri, tedaviye uyumsuzluk, aile yüklülüğü gibi etkenler olabilir. Yetersiz yanıtın öngörücüleri ciddi depresyonun olması, yalnız bilişsel-davranışçı tedavi (BDT) girişimleri, birincil belirtilerin obsesyonlar olması, kişilik bozukluğunun olması, yavaşlamanın olması olabilir. Tedaviye yanıtsızlık durumunda bu etkenler gözden geçirilmelidir.

Dirençli OKB’de farmakolojik tedavi seçenekleri arasında SSRI, serotonin-noradrenalin gerialım inhibitörü ve glutamaterjik ajan monoterapisi; dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu olanlarda psikostimulanlar vardır. Güçlendirme stratejile-rinde SSRI’ya klomipramin, bir başka SSRI, anti-psikotikler, lityum, riluzol, klonazepam, pindolol, sumatriptan; çocuklarda topiramat eklenmesi denenmiştir.

Dirençli OKB’de biyolojik tedavilerden elektro-konvulsif tedavi yararsız, depresyonu olanlarda yararlı bulunmuş; transkranial manyetik uyarım ve derin beyin uyarılması yararlı bulunmamıştır. Vagus sinirinin uyarılması yararlı olabilir.

Dirençli OKB’de BDT+ilaç kombinasyonu, bunların tek tek kullanılmasından daha yararlıdır. BDT kompulsiyonlarda ve şizotipal kişilik bozukluğunun eşlik ettiği hastalarda daha etkilidir.

Cerrahi girişimler, en az beş yıl uygulanan tedavilerden yarar görmeyen, dirençli, yeti yitimi olan kronik OKB hastalarında son seçenektir, yararlı olabilir. Cerrahi yöntemler nadiren kullanılır; en çok anterior singulotomi, anterior kapsülotomi, limbik lökotomi, subkaudat traktotomi uygulanır.
Alternative treatments in resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder
The drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has response rate approximately 50-60%. The treatment-resistant of OCD has defined as unresponsive although patient take clomipramine and at least two selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in adequate dosage and duration. Remission and response to treatment have not definitive criteria.

The causes of resistance to treatment may be factors such as incorrect diagnoses, insufficient treatment (dosage, duration), delayed treatment, comorbidity (schizotypal personality, social pho-bia), lack of insight, side effects of drugs, not compliance with treatment, family history. The foresights of unsatisfactory response may be factors such as severe depression, only cogni-tive-behavior therapy (CBT) interventions, obsessions as primary symptoms, personality disorder, and slowness. These factors must be reviewed in the state of resistance to treatment.

In resistant OCD, there are monotherapy of SSRI; serotonin-noradrenalin re-uptake inhibitor, and glutamatergic agent, psychostimulants in those have attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among the alternatives of pharmacological treatment. In augmentation strategies, clomipramine, another SSRI, antipsychotics, lithium, riluzol, clonazepam, pindolol, sumatriptan, and topiramate can be added to a SSRI.

In resistant OCD, electroconvulsive therapy as a biological therapy is useless, but in patients with comorbid depression, it is useful; transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep brain stimulation are useless. The stimulation of Vagus Nerve may be useful.

In resistant OCD, CBT and antidepressant combination is more useful than only this use. CBT is more effective at compulsions and in those have comorbid schizotypal personality disorder.

Surgical interventions can be useful in patients with resistant, chronic, have disability, at least five [year]s take treatment but it is not effective. These interventions are rarely use; anterior cingulotomy, anterior capsulotomy, limbic leucotomy, subcaudate tractotomy are applied.

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