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Yıl:2009; Cilt: 10; Sayı: Ek 1>> Özet
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2009;10(Ek 1):37-38
Fiziksel/zihinsel engellilerde ve kronik hastalığı olanlarda cinsellik ve cinsel sorunlara yaklaşım
E Özkorumak
Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon
Kronik hastalığı olan bir kişi için cinselliğin özel bir yeri vardır. Kronik hastalığın cinsellik üzerine etkileri biyopsikososyal kategorilere ayrılır: Biyolojik etkiler: Cinsel istek ve aktivite hormonal, vasküler, nöral yolların bozulması, ilaçların yan etkileri sonucu bozulur. Pulmoner ve kadriyovasküler işlevin azalması, yorgunluk ve ağrı cinsel aktiviteyi etkiler. Yapılan cerrahi işlemler ve tıbbi tedaviler (skar dokusu, amputasyon, trakeostomi, mastektomi, kolostomi, saç kaybı gibi) sonucu beden görünümünde ve işlevinde değişiklikler gerçekleşir. Ruhsal etkiler: Anksiyete, benlik saygısında kayıp, depresyon, cinsel işlevi bozukluğu. Bazı çiftler cinsel aktivitenin kısıtlanması veya tamamen bitmesini kolayca kabul ederken, bazı çiftlerde cinsel işlev kaybı emosyonel krize yol açar. Kronik hastalık çiftler arasındaki ilişki dinamiklerini bozabilir. Partner hem sevgili, hem bakım veren kişi olur. Hastalık öncesi yaşanan sorunlar hastalığın stresiyle daha da şiddetlenir. Sosyal etkiler: Toplum, hasta veya engelli kişilerin cinselliği istemeleri veya cinselliklerinin var olduğu konusunda rahatsızdır. Oysa ciddi engeli olan erkekler ve kadınlar için cinsellik günlük yaşamın bir parçasıdır.

Hem hasta, hem de hekim cinselliği gündeme getirme konusunda tedirgindir. Toplum görünür bir engeli olan hastaları cinsellikten yoksun olarak görür. Cinsel konuları ele alma ve eğitim konusunda yetersizliklerinden ötürü hekimler bu varsayımda suçlu sayılabilir. Aileler ve bakım veren kişiler cinsel eğitimi vermeyerek engelli kişileri cinsellikten uzak tutmaya çalışır. Cinsellik engelliliğe bakılmaksızın tüm insanlarda doğuştan var olduğundan, bu yaklaşım kişide uygun olmayan cinsel davranışa neden olabilir.

Cinsel danışmanlık konusunda dört düzeyden oluşan PLISSIT modeli geliştirilmiştir. Bu modelle hekim kendi deneyimine uygun olan düzeyi kullanır. Bazı hekimler tüm dört düzey girişimi kullanır, sırasıyla öncelikle basit soruları yanıtlar, gerekirse bir uzmana yönlendirir
Sexuality and approach to sexual problems in patients with chronic disease and physical/mental disability
Sexuality is a crucial concern for patients who live with chronic illness. The effects of chronic illness on sexuality can be classified into biopsy-chosocial categories: Biological effects: Sexual desire, capacity and activity may be altered by illness through interference with the hormonal, vascular and neural integrity of the genitalia, as well as the effects and side effects of medications. Reduced cardiovascular and pulmonary function, fatigue, or pain may limit or halt sexual activity. Surgical procedures and medical treatments may result in altered appearance and bodily function (e.g., scarring, amputation, tracheostomy, mastectomy, colostomy, and hair loss). Psychological effects: Anxiety, loss of self-esteem, grief, and depression associated with chronic illness can impair sexual fulfillment. While some couples easily, accept limitation or cessation of sexual activity caused by chronic illness, for others alteration of sexual function or unsatisfactory sexual relations can precipitate a significant emotional crisis. Chronic illness alters relationship dynamics. The partner often assumes the role of career as well as lover. Pre-existing relationship problems can be exacerbated by the stress of illness. Social effects: Society is generally uncomfortable with the notion that people who are ill or disabled might still want, or have, sex. Sex remains a vital part of day-to-day living, even for men and women who are seriously disabled by illness.

Both patients and physicians may be uncomfortable bringing up sexuality. Society often views patients with more visible disabilities as sexually innocent. Physicians can be guilty of these same assumptions and fail to address sexual concerns or provide education. We must consider the desire of families and caretakers to "protect" developmentally disabled patients from sexual predators’ withholding sex education. At the same time, we must acknowledge that this decision can result in inappropriate sexual behaviors because sexuality is inherent in all people, regardless of disability.

The PLISSIT model of sexual counseling with four levels of intervention was developed. This graded model allows doctors to manage difficulties according to their own level of comfort and expertise. While some doctors may wish to provide all four levels of intervention, those who choose to raise the subject of sex, answer simple questions and, if necessary, refer to an expert are providing adequate intervention to their patients

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