Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2009; Cilt: 10; Sayı: Ek 1>> Özet
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2009;10(Ek 1):35-36
Parafili ve parafili ile ilişkili bozukluklarda değerlendirme ve tedavi
A Yaşan
Dicle Üniversitesi, Diyarbakır
Parafili tanısı için, kişinin en az altı ay süreyle insan dışındaki nesneler, kişinin kendisinin, partnerinin, çocukların veya onay vermeyen diğerlerinin acı çekmesi ve aşağılanmasını içerecek şekilde yineleyen, yoğun uyarıcı fantezilerinin, cinsel dürtülerinin veya davranışlarının bulunması gerekmektedir. Bu davranışların, cinsel dürtüler ve fantezilerin klinik olarak belirgin sıkıntı ya sosyal, mesleksel veya işlevselliğin diğer önemli alanlarında bozulmalara neden olması gerekmektedir. Parafililer, bu hastalıkları uygun şekilde tanı ve tedavilerini üstlenen psikiyatristler dahil olmak üzere psikiyatri tarafından ihmal edilmiştir. Bu sınırlılıklara rağmen, kişilerde önemli stres ve psikososyal işlevsellikte bozulmanın kaynağı olan parafililerin erişkinler arasında yaygın olduğuna ilişkin kanıtlar vardır. Örneğin, kompulsif cinsel davranışları da içeren parafililerin ABD’deki yaygınlığının 3-6% arasında olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Kompulsif cinsellik parafilik ve parafilik olmayan şekilde ikiye ayrılmaktadır. DSM-IV-TR’de parafililer sekiz başlık altında verilmiştir. Kompulsif cinsellik diğer tanımlanmayan cinsel bozukluklar altında kullanılmasına karşın, tanı kategorisine alınmamıştır. Daha önceleri sadist ve pedofilik olan parafililerin tedavisinde cerrahi kastrasyon yöntemi kullanılmaktaydı. Son 15 yılda sorunlu cinsel davranışların tedavisinde hızlı değişiklikler olmuştur. Geleneksel olarak sorunlu cinsel davranışların tedavisindeki yöntemler cinselliğin biyolojik yönleri ve özellikle insan cinselliğinin hormonal yönünü temel alan farmakolojik tedavilerdir. 1970-1990 yılları arasında antiandrojen tedavilerle farmakolojik tedavi yaklaşımı temel alınmıştır. Parafililerin tedavisinde serotonin üzerinden etki eden ilaçların kullanımı son zamanlarda ilerleme sağlamıştır. Aynı zamanda çeşitli psikoterapi yöntemlerinin etkili olduğuna ilişkin kanıtlar vardır.

Treatment and assessment of paraphilias and paraphilias related disorders
Paraphilias are characterized by recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors, over a period of 6 [month]s, generally involving nonhuman objects, suffering, or humiliation of oneself or one's partner, or children or other nonconsenting persons. These fantasies, urges, and behaviors produce clinically significant distress or impairments in social, occupational, and other important areas of functioning. The paraphilias have been mostly ignored by psychiatry, even though psychiatrists are ideally suited to treat and diagnose these disorders. Despite these limitations, evidence indicates that paraphilias is relatively common in the general adult population, causes substantial personal distress, and is a source of significant psychosocial disability. For example, the estimated prevalence of paraphilias involving compulsive sexuality ranges from 3% to 6% in the general adult population of the United States. Compulsive sexuality can be divided into paraphilic and nonparaphilic subtypes. The former involves pathological sexual behaviors, while the later involves conventional sexual behaviors taken to extremes. In DSM-IV-TR, eight specific paraphilias are enumerated. Other forms of paraphilia are best diagnosed as ‘‘paraphilic disorder not otherwise specified.’’ There is no DSM-IV-TR category that corresponds to the nonparaphilic forms of compulsive sexuality, although the category ‘‘sexual disorder not otherwise specified’’ can be used. Historically, surgical castration had been used for the treatment of severe paraphilias, mostly sexual sadism, and pedophilia. The individuals who were castrated were high-risk, highly recidivating sexual offenders. The pharmacological treatments of deviant sexual behavior have been undergoing rapid changes over the past 15 [year]s. Traditionally, the pharmacological treat-ment of deviant sexual behavior was based on the biological aspects of sexuality and specifically on the hormonal basis of human sexuality. These antiandrogen treatments formed the basis of the pharmacological treatment approaches from 1970 to 1990.The most recent advance in the treatment of the paraphilias has been the use of drugs that have an effect on serotonin. Also, there is evidence that vary psychotherapeutic approaches are effective.

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