Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2009; Cilt: 10; Sayı: Ek 1>> Özet
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2009;10(Ek 1):33-34
Cinsel kimlik ve cinsel yönelimle ilişkili sorunlarda psikoterapötik yaklaşımlar
S Doğan
Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Tekirdağ
Lezbiyen, gey, biseksüel ve transgender (LGBT) bireylerle iyi bir terapötik ilişki kurabilmek ve etkili şekilde çalışabilmek için ruh sağlığı çalışanlarının “açılma” süreci ile ilgili olarak donanımlı olmaları kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Açılma kavramı bir kişinin kendi gey ya da lezbiyen kimliğini önce kendisinin kabullenmesini sonra da başkalarına açıklamasını karşılamak amacıyla kullanılır. Eşcinselliğe yönelik içsel ve dış önyargılar nedeniyle oldukça zorlu geçen ve yaşam boyu süren bir süreçtir. LGBT, olumlu bir kendilik algısı oluşturabilmek için toplumsal baskılara karşı büyük bir mücadele vermek zorundadır. Ruh sağlığı uzmanları bu zorlu süreci olumlayıcı ve empatik bir tutumla kolaylaştırmak için eşsiz bir konuma sahiptir.

Öte yandan, onarım terapileri olarak da adlandırılan döndürme terapileri eşcinsel yönelimi psikopatolojik olarak kabul eder ve LGBT’lerin psikiyatrik danışmanlık ve terapiyle cinsel yönelimlerinin değişebileceği savını öne sürer. Profesyonel tıp ve psikoloji/psikiyatri, organizasyonlarının kişilerin cinsel yönelimlerini değiştirmeye yönelik girişimleri etik bulmamasına karşın, LGBT’ler için uluslararası dinsel örgütlerin başı çektiği bu tür girişimler bulunmaktadır. Bu konuda yapılan bilimsel yayınlar incelendiğinde çalışmaların ciddi yöntemsel eksikliklerinin olduğu gözlenmektedir. Çalışmaların kuramsal bir temelinin olmaması, cinsel yönelimi tanımlamak için tutarsız tanımlama ve ölçümlerin kullanılması, kısıtlı örneklem büyüklüğü, uzunlamasına izlemlerin olmaması önemli eksiklikler arasındadır.

Homofobi, eşcinselliğe ve/veya eşcinsellere karşı akılcı olmayan şekilde duyulan korku, tiksinme ve nefret olarak tanımlanmıştır. Heteroseksüelliğin eşcinsellikten daha üstün ve doğal olduğunu varsayan heteroseksist inanç sistemiy-le yakından ilişkilidir. Araştırmalar LGBT’lerin ruhsal ve psikososyal olarak heteroseksüellerle benzer işlevselliğe sahip olduklarını göstermekle birlikte, bu kişilerin heteroseksüellerden daha fazla sağlık sorunu yaşadıkları ve daha kısa yaşam süreleri olduğu sonucuna varmıştır. Bu sorunun nedeni LGBT’lerin uğradığı toplumsal baskılar ve damgalanmayla baş edebilmek için yaşadıkları süregen stres olabilir. LGBT’lerde sekiz temel sağlık sorunu saptanmıştır: İntihar, sigara, alkol, madde, depresyon, işsizlik, öldürülme ve HIV/AIDS.
Psychotherapeutic approaches in issues related to sexual identity and sexual orientation
To effectively work and develop a therapeutic relationship with lesbian, gay, bisexuals and transgender (LGBT) individuals, it is critical for practitioners to gain an understanding and appreciation for the challenges of coming out. Coming out in this sense refers to the developmental process of acknowledging one’s gay or lesbian identity first to self and then to others. Lifelong process is made that much more difficult by the internal and external influence of homoprejudice. Clearly, gays, lesbians and transgender are uniquely challenged by the task of trying to adopt a positive self-identity in the midst of societal oppression. Conversely, mental health practitioners are in a unique position to facilitate this process through affirmative and empathic counseling practices.

On the other hand, conversion therapies, also know as reparative therapies, emphasize homosexual orientations as psychopathology in LGBT clients, and claim these individuals can reverse their sexual orientation through psychiatric counseling and treatment. Although professional medical and psychological organizations have branded psychiatric interventions designed to change an individual's sexual orientation as un-ethical, an international movement fueled largely by religious organizations promote such therapies for LGBT persons. In this critical appraisal of the literature underpinning the research on reparative therapy, a number of methodological problems were identified, which suggests that the scientific rigor in these studies is lacking. The limitations include a lack of theory, incon-sistent definition, and measurement of sexual orientation, restricted samples, lack of longitudinal designs, and sex disparity. In order for sexual orientation research to progress, the research must be based on a theoretical framework, must include a standardized definition and measure of sexual orientation, and must include a more gender-balanced sample of heterosex-uals, homosexuals, and bisexuals.

Homophobia was defined as an irrational fear of, or aversion to, homosexuals and homosexuality. The related construct of heterosexism was defined as a belief system that values hetero-sexuality as superior to and/or more natural than homosexuality, and/or assumes that all people are inherently heterosexual. The research showed that LGBT and heterosexuals were equivalent in terms of psychological and psycho-social health and functioning, but that LGBT had a shorter life expectancy and faced health risks and social problems at greater rates than the heterosexual population. The suspected reason for these increased problems is the chronic stress placed on GLB resulting from coping with society’s negative responses and stigmatization. Eight major health and social issues were determined in this population: suicide, smoking, alcohol abuse, illicit drug use, depression, un-employment, murder, and HIV/AIDS. There was insufficient data to calculate mortality estimates for the issues of depression, unemployment, murder, and HIV/AIDS. However, the annual human costs associated with these issues are substantial, and evidence exists that indicates GLB are at increased risks for contracting HIV/ AIDS, of being victims of murder, and of being unemployed, which ultimately results in pre-mature mortality.

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