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Yıl:2009; Cilt: 10; Sayı: Ek 1>> Özet
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2009;10(Ek 1):29-30
Antisosyal kişilik bozukluğunun nörobiyolojisi
C Başoğlu
GATA Haydarpaşa Eğitim Hastanesi, İstanbul
DSM-IV-TR tanı ölçütlerinde antisosyal kişilik bozukluğu (ASKB) davranış temelli olarak ele alınmaktadır. ICD tanı ölçütlerine göre dissosyal kişilik bozukluğu olarak ve daha çok affektif defisit üzerinde durulmaktadır. Geniş anlamda psikopatinin davranışsal ve kişilik komponenti olarak sunulmamaktadır. Antisosyal kişilik, dissosyal kişilik ve psikopati kavramları karıştırılmakta ve sıklıkla birbirinin yerine kullanılmaktadır. Yüksek düzeyde psikopati gösteren bireyler ve ASKB olan bireyler ayrı düşünülmelidir, ASKB olan bireylerin yalnız dörtte bire yakını psikopattır.

Bazı beyin yaralanmaları ve serebrevasküler bozukluklar antisosyal ve psikopatik kişilik değişikliklerine neden olabilir. Antisosyal ve psikopatik kişilik bozukluğu olan bireylerde frontal lop hasarı öyküsü daha fazla bulunmaktadır. Prefrontal lop fonksiyon bozukluğu ASKB’nin gelişmesinde bir aracı olabilir ve madde kötüye kullanımını, disinhibisyon ve impulsivite gibi davranış bozuklukların oluşumunda ve ilerlemesinde biyolojik bir neden olabilir.

MAO aktivitesinde azalma ile psikopati ve ASKB arasında ilişki bulunmuştur. Serotoninin metaboliti 5-OH-IAA beyin omurilik sıvısı düzeylerinde azalma ile agresyon, impulsivite, irritabilite ve hostilite arasında ilişki birçok araştırmada gösterilmiştir.

Psikopati ve ASKB’de biyolojik amaçlı birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Bunların arasında son yıllarda en çok dikkat çeken beyin yapısal görüntüleme çalışmalarıdır (MR, fMR, MRs, PET, SPECT). Bu çalışmalarda azalmış prefrontal gri madde, temporal korteks ve posterior hipokampal hacim azalması bulunmuştur ve antisosyal davranışın şiddeti ile negatif bir korelasyon göstermektedir. Bizim yaptığımız MR spektroskopi çalışmasında, anterior singulatın antisosyal bireylerde, karar verme süreçlerinde ve emosyonel bilginin işlenmesinde önemli rol oynadığı gözlemlenmiştir.
The neurobiology of antisocial personality disorder
The DSM-IV-TR criteria for antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), in particular, are largely behaviorally based. The ICD criteria for dissocial personality disorder, while paying more attention to affective deficits, also do not represent the broad personality and behavioral components of psychopathy. Although often used interchange-eably, the diagnostic constructs of psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, and dissocial personality disorder are distinct. High level of psychopathy is different from ASPD since only one fourth of patients with ASPD exhibit such attitudes.

Some brain injuries and cerebrovascular disorders can cause antisocial and psychopathic personality changes. Individuals with psychopathic personality disorder (PPD) and ASPD have at times a history of frontal lobe lesions. Disturbances in prefrontal functioning may be a common biological ground that links ASPD, substance abuse, and biological mechanisms of reinforcement. Some brain lesions, such as frontal lobe lesions, are mainly related to specific core features of ASPD and PPDs such as impulsivity and disinhibition.

Studies demonstrated a marked negative relationship between monoamine oxidase activity on one hand and sensation seeking and impulsivity on the other, both features of psychopathy. For example, an association between low serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) function and aggressive behavior was found. Various studies uncovered an inverse relationship between 5-hydroxy indoleacetic (CSF 5-HIAA) on one hand and impulsivity, irritability, hostility, and aggression on the other.

Neural substrates of psychopathy have been investigated with various methods, including neuroimaging. Structural neuroimaging studies using MRI has shown that both groups of individuals with serious antisocial behaviors or psychopathy and those meeting criteria for ASPD have reduced prefrontal gray matter, temporal cortex and posterior hippocampal volumes that might be negatively correlated with severity of antisocial behavior. Larger callosal volumes have been also reported in psychopathic antisocial individuals. Functional imaging studies including PET, SPECT, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and functional MRI have shown that both ASPD and severity of psychopathy may reflect impaired functioning in temporal, prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices along with amygdala-hippocampus. These results are consistent with reports from neurological patients who have suffered brain damage to prefrontal and temporal cortex regions and exhibit from antisocial behaviors Results of our MRS study showed that anterior cingulate cortex plays an important role in decision-making and emotional information processing.

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