Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2009; Cilt: 10; Sayı: Ek 1>> Özet
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2009;10(Ek 1):22-23
Otistik spektrum bozukluklarında tamamlayıcı ve alternatif tedavi uygulamaları
A Bilgiç
Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi, Ankara
Otistik spektrum bozukluklarının (OSB) temel belirtilerinin tedavisinde günümüzde kabul gören en iyi yaklaşımlar davranışçı ve eğitimsel girişimlerdir. Ancak, bu yaklaşımlar ana belirtiler üzerine hastaların sadece %50’sinde etkili olmaktadır ve tam iyileşme oldukça nadirdir. OSB’nin etiyolojiyi temel alan bir tedavisinin olmaması ve son yıllarda giderek artan sıklıkta saptanması, OSB’li çocukların tedavisi ile ilgili olarak kanıta dayalı bilimsel tıp uygulamaları dışında bazı arayışların ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Bu uygulamalar güncel nörobilim algılamamızla da pek uyumlu olmayabilen çeşitli varsayımlara dayanmaktadır ve batı ülkelerinde kullanım oranları %95’lere dek varmaktadır.

Tamamlayıcı ve alternatif tedavi (TAT) uygulamaları biyolojik ve biyolojik olmayan tedaviler olarak iki ana başlıkta incelenebilir. OSB’li çocukların barsak geçirgenliğinin fazla olması ve bunun da sonuçta santral opioid sistemini etkileyerek otistik bulgulara yol açması varsayımına dayanan gluten ve kazeinden yoksun gıdaların ve monosakkarit ağırlıklı diyetlerin tüketilmesi ile sindirim enzimlerin kullanımı biyolojik tedaviler içerisinde en sık uygulananlardır. Ayrıca mantarların barsaktaki emilimi etkilemesi varsayımı ile antifungallar ve probiyotikler kullanılmaktadır. Ağır metallerin atılımı ile ilgili yetersizlik nedeniyle hastalığın ortaya çıktığı düşün-cesi ile önerilen şelasyon tedavileri ve hastalığın nöroinflamasyon ile ilişkili olduğu varsayımına dayanan hiperbarik oksijen tedavisi uygulamaları en popüler yöntemler arasındadır. Hastalığın otoimmün bir doğası olduğu varsayımı ile IVIG, viral ajanlarla ilişkili olabileceği düşüncesiyle antiviral ajanlar kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca B6 ve B12 vitamini, C vitamini, dimetilgisin, folik asit, magnezyum, triptofan, tirozin, karnozin ve omega-3 yağ asitleri gibi birçok maddenin diyete eklendiği görülmektedir. Biyolojik olmayan tedaviler arasında ise duyu bütünleme tedavisi, davranışsal optometri, kraniyosakral manipulasyon ve kolaylaştırılmış iletişim gibi yöntemler yer almaktadır.

Uygulanmakta olan tedaviler bazen ölümle dahi sonuçlanabilecek ağır sonuçlara neden olabilmekte ve ailelere duygusal ve ekonomik açıdan ek yükler getirmektedir. Bu bağlamda TAT uygulamalarının kanıta dayalı tıp bakış açısı ile OSB tedavisindeki yeri tartışılacaktır.
Complementary and alternative medicine in autistic spectrum disorders
Current consensus suggests that the best ap-proach for ameliorating the core symptoms of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) includes behavioral and educational interventions. However, these interventions are effective on core symptoms of ASD in only 50% of the subjects and complete amelioration of symptoms is quite rare. The lack of treatment methods, which are focused on etiologic origin and the increase in the number of children who diagnosed with ASD, have caused to use of some treatment approaches apart from evidence based treat-ment methods. These treatments are based on some hypotheses that may not compatible with our current scientific understanding of neuroscience; on the other hand, the rate of their use reached a level as high as 95% in western countries.1

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) interventions may be examined in two catego-ries as biological and non-biological. The use of gluten and casein-free diet, monosaccharides and digestive enzymes based on the assumption that the increased intestinal permeability which cause to impairment in central opioid system and consequently give rise to autistic symptoms, are the most used biological methods. In addition, antifungals and probiotics are used based on the supposition that the yeasts affect the intestinal absorption. The use of the chelating agents with the idea that autism is related to insufficient excretion of the heavy metals from body and the application of the hyperbaric oxygen treatment based on the assumption that autism is connected with neuroinflammation are amongst the most popular methods. IVIG is used based on the hypothesis that ASD has an autoimmune nature and antiviral agents are used with the idea that it is related to viral infections. Many supplementations, such as vitamin B6 and B12, vitamin C, dimethylglicine, folic acid, magnesium, trypto-phan, tyrosine, carnosine and omega-3 fatty acids are also observed to be added to the diet. Auditory integration training, behavioral opto-metry, craniosacral manipulation and facilitated communication take part in the non-biological approaches.

These treatments may cause harm on physical health and even death, and they bring extra emotional and economic burden to the family. In this context, the place of CAM approaches within the treatment of ASD will be discussed from the evidence-based medicine.

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