Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2009; Cilt: 10; Sayı: Ek 1>> Özet
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2009;10(Ek 1):14-15
İnsanın kokusu: Feromonlar
S Özsoy
Erciyes Üniversitesi, Kayseri
Feromonlar vücuttan çevreye salınan ve aynı türün diğer üyelerinin fizyolojisini ve davranışlarını etkileyen kimyasal habercilerdir. Feromonlar bilinçli olarak fark edilmese de, insanların sosyal/cinsel iletişimini ve üreme fizyolojisini etkiler. Feromonlar aksilla ve pubik bölgedeki apokrin bezlerden salınır. Apokrin bezler pubertenin başlaması ile işlevsel hale gelir. Androstenon ve androstenol gibi steroid salgılar üretirler ki, bunlar da erkeklerde kadınlara göre oldukça yüksektir. Vajinal salgıdaki “copulin”ler kadınlarda feromon olarak görev görür. Memelilerde feromonları algılayan majör duyusal organ nazal boşlukta yer alan vomeronazalorgandır (VNO). VNO aksesuar olfaktor bulbusa uzanır ve sonuçta hipotalamusa ulaşır. Feromonlar, anlık yanıtı tetikleyen “sinyal feromonlar” ve uzun süreli davranışsal ve fizyolojik değişikliklere neden olan “primer feromonlar” olarak sınıflandırılır. Primer feromonların insanlarda sosyal/cinsel davranışları, hipotalamo-pituiter-adrenal (HPA) ve hipotalamo-pituiter-gonadal (HPG) eksenler aracılığıyla etkilediği varsayılır. Erkek feromonu varsayılan 4,16-androstadien-3-one (androstadienon; AND) ve kadın feromonu varsayılan oest-ra-1,3,5 (10), 16-tetraen-3-ol (EST)’ün koklanmasının insanlarda hipotalamusu aktive ettiği bildirilmiştir. Son yıllardaki çalışmalar insan fero-monlarının cinsel çekicilik, eş tercihi, anne-bebek bağlanması ve menstruel döngünün düzenlenmesinde özgül işlevlerinin olduğunu saptamıştır. Olfaktor sistem tarafından kokula-rın algılanmasında cinsiyet farklılıkları vardır. Kadınların koku duyarlılığı ve feromonları algılaması, menstruel döngünün evresi, kontraseptif ilaç kullanımı ve gebelikten etkilenmektedir. Feromonların genetik sinyallere sahip olduğu da öne sürülmüştür. Kadınlar kendilerininkini tamamlayan genlere sahip eşleri tercih ediyor gibi görünmektedir; bu da feromonlar aracılığıyla sağlanmaktadır. Varsayımsal insan feromonu olan androstadienonun ruhsal durumu modüle ettiği, mizacı etkilediği ve çevreden gelen duygusal bilgilere dikkati artırdığı bildirilmiştir. Bu derlemede insan feromonlarının insan fizyolojisi ve sosyal/cinsel davranışları üzerine etkileri gözden geçirilmiştir.
The odor of human: pheromones
Pheromones are chemical messengers that are released from the body into the environment and affect the physiology and behavior of other members of the same species. Pheromones influence human socio-sexual interactions and reproductive physiology, even if they cannot be detected consciously. Pheromones are produced from apocrine glands located in the axillae and pubic region. Apocrine glands be-come functional with the onset of puberty. They produce steroidal secretions such as androste-none and androstenol, which are significantly higher in males than females. Copulins in vagi-nal secretion serve as pheromones in females. The major sensory organ for the detection of pheromones in mammals is the vomeronasal organ (VNO) situated in the nasal cavity. VNO lines to the accessory olfactory bulb and finally reach the hypothalamus. Pheromones have been classified as “signal pheromones” which trigger an immediate response and as “primer pheromones” inducing long-term changes in behavior and physiology. It is assumed that primer pheromones influence human socio-sexual behaviors via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. It is reported that smelling of putative male pheromone, 4,16-androstadien-3-one (androstadienone; AND) and putative male pheromone, oestra-1,3,5 (10), 16-tetraen-3-ol (EST), activates hypothalamus in humans. Recent studies have determined specific functions of human pheromones in sexual attraction, mate preference, mother-infant bonding and menstrual cycle modulation1. There are some gender differences in the perception of odors by the main olfactory system. Female olfactory sensitivity and perception of pheromones may be affected by the menstrual cycle phase, contraceptive pill use, and pregnancy. Pheromones have been suggested to possess genetic signaling. Females seem to prefer mates whose genes are complementary to their own. This can be achieved via pheromones. It has been reported that the putative human pheromone androstadienone modulates psychological state, influences mood and heightens attention to emotional information from environment. The effects of human pheromones on human physicology and socio-sexual behavior are discussed in this review.

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