Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2009; Cilt: 10; Sayı: Ek 1>> Özet
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2009;10(Ek 1):8-9
Geçmişten günümüze bipolarite ve endofenotipler
ET Oral
Bakırköy Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Hastanesi, İstanbul
İlk çağlara ilişkin kaynaklarda psikiyatrik hasta-lıkların nedenlerinin vücut sıvı dengesizliğiyle ya da beyinden çok kalpteki bir bozuklukla açık-lanmaya çalışıldığı bildirilmiştir. Öyle ki, Hipok-ratik paradigmaya göre, melankoli kara safra ile ilişkili olup sarı safradaki artış maniye neden olmaktaydı. Daha sonraları, Soranus of Ephesus, mani ve melankoliyi benzer tedavileri gerektiren ortak başlangıç belirtileri gösteren ayrı hastalıklar olarak tanımlamıştır. Birkaç yüzyıl sonra Thomas Willis ise, mani ve melankoliyi birbirinin yerini alan duman ve ateşe benzetmiştir. Ancak ilk kez 1899 yılında Emil Kraepelin manik-depresif kavramını kullanmış ve 1921 yılında erken bunama ile manik-depre-sif deliliğin birbirinden ayrı kavramlar olduğunu belirtmiştir. Bu sentezi batı psikiyatrisinde, göre-ce kısa bir zamanda oldukça yaygınlaşmıştır. Öte yandan, Angst ve Perris ilk sistematik aile kayıtlamasından yararlanarak Leonhard’ın mani öyküsü olanların (bipolar olarak tanımlanmış) depresyonu olanlara (unipolar olarak tanımlan-mış) göre ailelerinde de daha sık mani görüldüğü şeklindeki ayrımını desteklemiştir. Birçok klinisyen (Leonhard, Angst, Perris, Winocur) endojen özelliklerle karakterize ve işlevsellikte belirgin bozulmaya neden olan yineleyici seyirli hastalık dönemlerini tanımlamak için hem bipolar, hem de unipolar tanımlamalarını kullanmıştır. 20. yüzyılda unipolar-bipolar ayrımı; aile aile öyküsü, hastalığın doğal seyri, klinik belirtiler, ilaç tedavisine yanıttaki ve biyolojik ölçümlerdeki farklılıkları kapsayan yüzlerce klinik araştır-ma ile sınanmıştır. Özellikle, genetik epidemiyoloji psikiyatrik nozolojiyi şekillendirmekte ve geçerliliğini sınamakta her zaman etkili olmuştur ve günümüzde de bipolar spektrum bozukluklarına ilişkin birçok genetik araştırma Krae-pelin’in dikotomisini temelden sarsabilecek gibi görünmektedir. Tüm bu araştırmaların bipolar bozukluğun altta yatan nörobiyolojisi ve genetiğini aydınlatmaya ilişkin çabaları, hastalığın etiyolojisi hakkındaki bilgi birikimimizdeki yetersizlikler ve heterojen klinik fenotip nedeniyle kısıtlı kalmaktadır. Bu nedenle, ilk kez Gottesman tarafından tanımlanan, endofenotipler daha da önem kazanmaktadır. Bipolar hastalar ve yakınlarıyla yapılmış çalışmalardan elde edilen tedavi yanıtı, beynin işlevsel ve yapısal değerlendirmelerini içeren bulgular daha ileri araştırmayı hak etmektedir. Buradan hareketle, bipolar tanımlamasının tarihsel seyri ve yapısal-işlevsel aday endofenotipler gözden geçirilecektir.

History of bipolarity and endophenotypes
In documents referring to the first centuries, cause of mental disorders was explained with humoural disturbance or heart dysfunction rather than brain. According to Hippocratic paradigm, an excess of black bile was seen as the cause of melancholia while mania was attributed to an excess of yellow bile. Later-on, Soranus of Ephesus believes that mania and melancholia are two distinct diseases but with similar prodromal symptoms and requiring similar treatments. Several centuries later, Thomas Willis defined mania and melancholia like a smoke and flame. However, Emil Kraepelin, in 1899, used the term of manic-depressive for the fist time and distinguished manic-depressive insanity from dementia praecox in 1921.1 His synthesis has pervaded western psychiatry in a relatively short period. On the other hand, Angst and Perris independently supported Leonhard’s distinction with the first systematic family history data that patients with a history of mania (described as bipolar) had a higher incidence of mania in their families compared with those with depressions only (described as monopolar). Also many clinicians (Leonhard, Angst, Perris also Winocur) used both bipolar and unipolar definitions to describe patients with a episodic course of recurrent episodes, characterized endogenous features and clear functional impairment. In 20th century, unipolar-bipolar distinction was examined in more than one hundred clinical studies including family history, natural course, clinical symptoms, differences in pharmachological response and biological measures. Particularly, genetic epidemiology has always been influential in shaping and validating psychiatric nosology and currently, there is a growing data about genetics of bipolar spectrum disorders, that seem to overturn the traditional Kraepelinian dichotomy. However, researches aimed to elucidate the underlying neurobiology and genetics of bipolar disorder, and factors associated with treatment response, these all have been limited by a heterogeneous clinical phenotype and lack of knowledge about its underlying etiology. Hence, the endopheno-type definition, was first described by Gottesman, becomes more important. Numerous find-ings regarding brain function, brain structure and response to pharmacological challenge in bipolar patients and their relatives deserve further investigation. From this point of view, candidate functional and structural endophenotypes and history of bipolar definition will be reviewed in this lecture of the panel.

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