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Yıl:2009; Cilt: 19; Sayı: 2>> Özet
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Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni; 2009;19(2):193-205
Dinî ve mistik deneyimlerin muhtemel bilişsel ve nörobiyolojik düzenekleri
E Eşel
Erciyes Ü. Tıp Fak. Psikiyatri ABD, Kayseri
Nöral bilimler son yıllarda insan davranışlarının, duygularının, tutumlarının ve inançlarının beyindeki karşılıklarını bulma konusunda belirgin bir ilerleme kaydetmiştir. Dinî inanç da insanların sahip olduğu karmaşık zihinsel işlevlerden birisi olduğu ve beynin ürünü olduğu için, onun beyinde anatomik, fizyolojik ya da biyokimyasal düzeylerde karşılığının var olması doğaldır. Dinlerin kökeninde insanın hangi bilişsel işlev ve şemalarının rol oynadığı konusu son yıllarda yoğun biçimde araştırılmaktadır. Dinî inançların gelişmesi ile ilişkili olarak, ölüm korkusunu azaltmak için geliştirilmiş olduğu, ya da insan beyni dinî inancı oluşturma kapasitesine sahip olduğu için gelişmiş olduğu şeklinde bilişsel kuramlar mevcuttur. Gerek insanlık tarihi boyunca, gerekse tek tek bireylerde Dinî ve mistik deneyimlerin gelişmesinde ve özellikle mistik yaşantılar sırasında beynin belli bazı bölgelerinin daha önemli olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Belli beyin yapılarının hasar gördüğü hastalarda ortaya çıkan dinî inanç değişikliklerinin incelenmesi ve işlevsel görüntüleme çalışmaları ile dinî bir eylem ya da mistik deneyimler sırasında beyindeki aktivite değişikliklerinin gözlenmesi bu konuda önemli bulgular ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgulardan yola çıkılarak, dinî ve mistik deneyimlerin gelişmesinde ve yaşanmasında özellikle prefrontal korteks ve temporal lob işlevlerindeki değişikliklerin önemli olduğu, ayrıca serotonerjik sistem başta olmak üzere nörotransmitterlerin de bu yaşantılarda rol oynadığı söylenebilir.
Probable cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms of religious and mystic experiences
Neural sciences have recently made great strides in understanding the cellular and biochemical bases of the human behaviors, feelings, attitudes, and beliefs. Since the religious beliefs are among the complicated mental functions that human beings have, and are the products of the brain, they are normally expected to have their resections in the brain, at anatomical, physiological, and/or biochemical levels. The issue about which cognitive processes or schemas play role on the basis of religions in human beings has intensively being investigated in recent [year]s. There are some cognitive hypotheses proposing that religious beliefs have been developed in order to cope with the fear of death, or they exist because the human brain has been programmed to develop them. It seems that certain brain areas are more important than others in the development of the religious beliefs throughout the evolutional history of the human beings, as well as in individual spirituality. Investigation of the alterations in beliefs emerging in the patients who had lesions on certain brain structures and the observation of the changes in the regional brain activities during religious acts or mystic experiences have presented some new and interesting findings on this topic. Based on these findings, one may conclude that alterations in the functions of prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes particularly, and in the neurotransmitter systems such as serotonin system have-crucial importance in the development of the religious beliefs and in the mystic experiences.

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