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Yıl:2008; Cilt: 18; Sayı: 4>> Özet
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Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni; 2008;18(4):274-281
Gelişimsel kekemeliği olan genç yetişkinlerde otonom sinir sistemi düzensizliği
A Doruk, T Türkbay, Z Yelboğa, M Çiyiltepe, A İyisoy, L Sütçigil, A Özşahin
Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi, Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, Ankara
Amaç: Otonom sinir sistemi, konuşmanın motor düzenlenmesinde anahtar rol oynar. Öte yandan, emosyonlarla ilişkili otonom sinir sisteminin aktivasyonuna bağlı fizyolojik değişiklikler de konuşmanın düzenlenmesini etkiler. Bu nedenlerle, otonom sinir sistemi düzensizlikleri konuşmanın hızını, ritmini ve genel akıcılığını bozabilir veya konuşmadaki akıcılık sorunlarını artırabilir. Ancak, gelişimsel kekemeliği olan bireylerde otonomik tepkileri araştıran çalışmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmada sürekli gelişimsel kekemeliği olan genç yetişkinlerde otonomik sinir sistemi düzensizliği varlığının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya gelişimsel kekemeliği olan 26 hasta ve yaş açısından benzer, normal konuşması olan 17 sağlıklı kontrol alındı. Olguların tümü erkek ve 19-25 yaşları arasındaydı. Kekeme olgular bir dil-konuşma terapisi uzmanı tarafından Kekemelik Şiddet Ölçeği ile derecelendirildi. Olguların tümüne Beck Depresyon ve Anksiyete Envanterleri uygulandı. Otonom sinir sistemi 24-saatlik Holter monitörizasyonu ile kalp atım değişkenliği ölçülerek değerlendirildi. Zaman düzleminde yapılan kalp atım değişkenliği analizlerinde; aralarında 50 msn'den fazla fark bulunan ardışık RR interval çiftinin yüzdesi (pNN50 %), komşu RR intervalleri arasındaki farkın karelerinin ortalamasının karekökü (RMSSD; msn) ve bütün NN (normal-normal) aralıklarının ortalamalarının standart sapması (SDNN; msn) değerlendirildi. Düşük frekans bölgelerinin gücünü (LF; 0.04-0.15 Hz), yüksek frekans bölgelerinin gücünü (HF; 0.15-0.40 Hz), LF/ HF oranını, normalleştirilmiş birimlerdeki LF ve HF güçleri ile bütün NN aralıklarının varyansını (total güç; msn2) değerlendirmek için frekans düzlemi analizleri uygulandı. Bulgular: Kekeme olgularda, kekemelik başlangıcı ortalama 7.9±3.7 yaşlarıydı (aralık: 3 - 17 yaş) ve ortalama kekemelik süresi 13.0±4.2 yıldı (aralık: 2 - 20 yıl). Kekemelerin depresyon ve anksiyete puanları akıcı konuşması olanlardan daha yüksekti. Kontrol grubuna göre, kekemelerde RMSDD yüksek, LF, LF/HF ve normalize LF değerleri düşük bulundu. Öznel anksiyete ve toplam anksiyete puanları ile LF ve total power arasında negatif ilişki saptandı Tartışma: Düşük LF, normalize LF ve LF/HF kekeme hastalardaki sempato-vagal düzensizliği göstermektedir. Kekemelerdeki yüksek RMSDD, bu dengesizliğin parasempatik sistem baskınlığına doğru eğilim gösterdiğine işaret etmektedir. Sonuçlar otonomik sinir sistemi düzensizliğinin kişileri konuşma akıcılığında bozulmaya duyarlı kıldığını düşündürtmektedir. Bu sonuçlar teyit edilirse, gelişimsel kekemeliğin patofizyolojisinin anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunacaktır.
Autonomic nervous system imbalance in young adults with developmental stuttering
Objective: Autonomic nervous system plays a key role on motor speech and its regulation. On the other hand, physiological changes associated with activation of branches of autonomic nervous system in relation to emotions may also affect speech regulation. Thus, autonomic nervous system dysregulation may impair rate, rhythm, and general sow of speech or may exacerbate speech dissuency. However, the studies of autonomic reactions in persons with developmental stuttering are very limited. The purpose of the study is to evaluate whether autonomic nervous system dysregulation is responsible for persistent developmental stuttering in young adults. Method: We studied 26 patients with persistent development stuttering and 17 normal speakers similar for age as healthy controls. The study comprised men who were between the ages of 19 and 25 [year]s. Patients were examined by the speech pathologist using the Stuttering Severity Instrument (SSI-3). Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories were performed to all subjects. Autonomic nervous system function was assessed by the 24-hour Holter monitorization for heart rate variability. Time-domain analyses were performed to evaluate the percentage of successive normal sinus RR intervals >50 ms (pNN50 %), the squares root of the mean of the sum the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals (RMSSD; ms), and mean of the standard deviations of all NN (normal-normal) intervals of the entire recording (SDNN; ms). Frequency-domain analyses were performed to evaluate low-frequency power (LF; 0.04-0.15 Hz), high-frequency power (HF; 0.15-0.40 Hz), the ratio of LF to HF (LF/HF), HF and LF in normalized units, and variance of all NN intervals (total power ms2). Results: In the stutterers, the mean onset of stuttering was 7.9±3.7 [year]s (range: 3 - 17 [year]s) and the mean duration of stuttering was 13.0±4.2 [year]s (range: 2 - 20 [year]s). Depression and anxiety scores were significantly higher in the stutterers than in those of the normal speakers. The stutterers had higher RMSDD and, lower LF, LF/HF and normalized LF values than the normal speakers. Subjective anxiety and total anxiety scores were negatively correlated with LF and total power. Conclusions: Lower LF, the normalized LF and LF/HF suggest sympatho-vagal imbalance in persons who stutter. Higher RMSDD in the stutterers may indicate a shift of sympatho-vagal balance towards parasympathetic predominance. The results suggest that general autonomic nervous system imbalance might render the person prone to speech dissuencies. If these results are replicated in larger samples, they might provide some contribution in explaining the underlying pathophysiology of developmental stuttering.

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