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Yıl:2008; Cilt: 45; Sayı: 2>> Özet
TAM METİN
Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi; 2008;45(2):51-57
"Psikiyatri"de Ölüm
G Alataş, E Kurt, HT Karatepe, V Bilgiç, İ Özveri C İlnem
Bakırköy Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi
Psikiyatrik hastalardaki mortaliteyle ilgili çalışmalar 17. yüzyıldan beri yapılmaktadır. Son 150 yıldır yapılan çok sayıda araştırma, psikiyatrik hastalardaki mortalite oranının genel popülasyonun hala çok üzerinde olduğunu göstermektedir. Mortalite gençlerde daha fazlayken, yaşla azalmaktadır; ancak ileri yaşlarda da genel popülasyondan anlamlı derecede yüksektir. Hastalığın erken dönemlerinde yüksek olan mortalite hızı, hastanede kalış süresinin artmasıyla düşmektedir. Mortalitenin kadınlarda daha yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. En riskli gruplar, dul veya boşanmış olanlar, bekarlar, işsizler ve düşük sosyal sınıftan olanlardır; en düşük risk evlilerdedir. Psikiyatrik hastalarda erken ölüm riskini yükselten diğer nedenler, birlikte bulunan medikal hastalık, sağlıksız yaşam koşulları ve madde kullanımıdır. Ölüm sebebi doğal (hastalıklar) ve doğal olmayan (madde aşırı dozu, özkıyım, cinayet, kaza vs.) biçiminde ayrıldığında, madde kullanımı, daha önce özkıyım girişimi ve yeme bozukluğu olan hastalarda mortalitenin çok yüksek olduğu, depresyon ve şizofreni hastalarında orta derecede risk olduğu görülmektedir. Bazı çalışmalar, yakınını kaybetme, işini kaybetme, boşanma veya hapse girme gibi özel yaşam olaylarının, miyokard enfarktüsünü ve ani ölümü predispoze edebileceğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca, koroner arter hastalığı olanlarda belirli kişilik özellikleri ve davranış modellerinin daha sık olduğu bulunmuştur. Antipsikotiklerin kullanıma girmesinden hemen sonra ani kardiyak ölümlerin artmaya başlaması, dikkatleri bu yöne çekmiştir. Ancak, altta yatan kardiyak bir hastalık da önemlidir. Antipsikotikle tedavi sırasında görülen diğer ani ölümler; hızlı vasküler kollaps, ilaçla indüklenmiş nöbet, astmatik hastalarda mukus plağına bağlı asfiksi, gıda aspirasyonu sonucu gelişen asfiksi ve pulmoner mikroembolizmden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu arada ilaçlar kadar fiziksel tespitin de, ani ölümle ilişkisi olabileceği düşünülmüştür. Bu gözden geçirme makalesiyle psikiyatride görülen ölümlerin ve ölümlere neden olan etkenlerin incelenmesi, psikiyatri pratiğinde bu etkenlerden değişiklik ve düzeltme yapılabileceklerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Makalemizin psikiyatri hastanelerindeki ölümlerin azalmasına katkıda bulunacağı umulmaktadır.
Death in Psychiatry
Studies related to mortality in psychiatric patients have been carried out since the 17th Century. Despite the improvements in the approach to psychiatric patients, many studies done in the last 150 [year]s indicated that the mortality rate in these patients still remained well over those for the general population. The mortality risk is higher in young people and decreases with age, however in later ages it is still significantly higher than the general population. The mortality rate, which is higher in the early stages of the illness, decreases as age and the hospitalization period increase. The mortality risk has been shown to be higher in women. The groups with the highest risk in terms of mortality are widows or divorced women, bachelors and those in the lower social class; the lowest risk is associated with married patients. Other causes of increase in early death risk in psychiatric patients are accompanying medical disease, unhealthy living conditions and drug addiction. When the death causes are classified as natural (diseases) and unnatural (drug overdose, suicide, homicide, accident etc.) it is apparent that the mortality risk is very high in patients with a prior suicide attempt and eating disorders, and depressive and schizophrenic patients are at middle risk. Some studies indicated that individual cases of losing a relative, losing a job, divorcing or jailing may predispose to myocardial infarction and sudden death. Also, in people with coronary artery diseases, specific personality traits and behaviour models have been found to be more frequent. The fact that the cardiac deaths started to increase just after the introduction of anti-psychotics attracted some attention. However, an underlying cardiac disease is also important. Other sudden deaths seen during treatment with anti-psychotics arise from rapid vascular collapse, drug induced seizure, asphyxia in asthmatic people related with mucus plaque, asphyxia resulting from food aspiration and pulmonary micro-embolism. Meanwhile, physical fixation as well as drugs have been thought to be related with sudden death. In this review article, the aim has been to study the deaths in psychiatry, the factors causing death and to determine those factors where change and fixation can be possible. It is hoped that our article will contribute to the decrease of deaths in psychiatric hospitals.

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