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Yıl:2008; Cilt: 46; Sayı: 2>> Özet
TAM METİN
Yeni Symposium; 2008;46(2):51-61
Kanserli Hastalarda Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğunun Yaygınlığı ve Ruhsal Gelişim
G Tokgöz, İ Yaluğ, S Özdemir, A Yazıcı, K Uygun, T Aker
Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi, Kocaeli
Amaç: Kanserin tanı ve tedavisi son derece stresli ve travmatize edici bir deneyim olabilir. DSM-IV'te kanser, travma sonrası stres bozukluğuna (TSSB) yol açabilme potansiyeli taşıyan travmatik bir olay olarak kabul edilmiştir. Ne var ki yakın dönemde yapılan araştırmalar kanserin tanı ve tedavisinin psikososyal açıdan birçok olumlu ve olumsuz sonucunun olabileceğini göstermiştir. Bilimsel kanıtlar, kanserin aynı bireyde zaman içerisinde hem TSSB'yi hem de ruhsal gelişmeyi ortaya çıkarabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Bu çalışmada kanser hastalarından oluşan bir örneklemde TSSB ve ruhsal gelişmenin yaygınlığını araştırdık.
Yöntem: Onkoloji ayaktan takip birimlerine başvuran kanser hastalarından rastlantısal olarak yüz hasta (53 kadın, 47 erkek) çalışmaya alındı. TSSB, "Eksen I Bozuklukları İçin Yapılandırılmış Klinik Görüşme (SCID-I)'nin TSSB modülü kullanılarak, ruhsal gelişme ise "Stresle İlişkili Gelişme Ölçeği" kullanılarak değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Örneklemin %19'u TSSB'nin tanı ölçütlerini karşılamakla beraber, TSSB tanısı alma ile cinsiyet, yaş, medenî durum, eğitim düzeyi, meslek, sosyal destek, yaşanılan yer ve çocuk sahibi olma gibi sosyodemografik değişkenler arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuyordu. Kemoterapi tedavisi ve TSSB anlamlı şekilde ilişkiliydi. Hiçbir hastada intihar girişimi öyküsü bulunmamakla birlikte, hastaların %11'inde intihar düşüncelerinin olduğu belirlendi. Ortalama ruhsal büyüme puanı 124.1±22.8 idi ve ruhsal büyüme puanı ile hastaların yaş ve cinsiyetleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuyordu. Hastaların %80'inde dinî inançlar ya artmış ya da aynı kalmıştı. Çoğu, kanser yaşantısı boyunca inanç ve maneviyatlarının kendilerine yardımcı olduğunu ifâde ettiler.
Tartışma: Kanserli hastalarda TSSB'nin varlığı klinik sonuçları etkileyebilir. Kanser tanısı alan hastalarda TSSB'nin erken tanısı, zamanında ve uygun klinik yaklaşımların sağlanması açısından önemlidir. Diğer yandan, kanser hastalarının birçoğu hastalıklarının getirdiği değişikliklere uyum sağlama sürecinde ruhsal gelişme gösterirler. Özellikle de dinî inançlar ve maneviyat, kanser tanısı alan hastalar için hastalıkla başetme sürecinde önemli bir araçtır.
Sonuç: Kanserli bireylerde hem TSSB hem de ruhsal gelişmenin sevk ve idaresinde daha iyi yaklaşımlar geliştirmek için ileride yapılacak araştırmalara ihtiyaç vardır.
The Prevalance Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Growth In Patients With Cancer
Objective: The diagnosis and treatment of cancer can be an extremely stressful and traumatic experience. Cancer has been recognized as a traumatic event capable of precipitating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in DSM-IV. However, recent researches have showed that many positive and negative psychosocial outcomes might follow cancer diagnosis and treatment. Evidences suggest that cancer might precipitate both PTSD and posttraumatic growth, at times within the same individual. In this study we investigated the prevalence of PTSD and posttraumatic growth in a sample of cancer patients.

Method: Hundred patients diagnosed with cancer (53 women and 47 men) who attended to oncology outpatient units were randomly recruited to the study. PTSD is assessed with "Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) - PTSD Module" and posttraumatic growth is assessed with "Stress Related Growth Scale".
Findings: Although 19% of the sample met diagnostic criteria for PTSD, there was not any statistical significance between diagnosis of PTSD and sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, and marital status, level of education, occupation, social support, residential area and having a child. Treatment with chemotherapy and PTSD was significantly correlated. Suicidal thoughts were detected in 11 % of the patients, although there was no patient with the history of suicide attempt. Mean posttraumatic growth score was 124.1±22.8 and there was not any significant association between posttraumatic growth score and the ages and gender of the patients. Religious belief either increased or stayed the same in 80% of patients. Most of the survivors indicated that their spirituality and faith assisted them throughout the cancer experience.
Discussion: The presence of PTSD in cancer survivors may influence the clinical outcome. Early recognition of PTSD in the patients diagnosed with cancer is important for ensuring timely and appropriate clinical interventions. Nevertheless, many cancer survivors experience positive growth as they adjust to changes brought about by their illness. In particular, religious beliefs and spirituality provide patients diagnosed with cancer with important tools for coping with their illness. Conclusion: Future research is required to develop better clinical interventions in the management of either PTSD or posttraumatic growth in cancer survivors.

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