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Yıl:2007; Cilt: 3; Sayı: 29>> Özet
Türkiye Klinikleri Dahili Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi Psikiyatri; 2007;3(29):11-18
İki Uçlu Bozukluğun Etiyopatogenezinde Çağdaş Anlayışımız: Klinikten Moleküler Düzeye Sistematik Bir Yaklaşım
A Özerdem
Psikiyatri AD, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, İZMİR
İki uçlu bozukluk dünya genelinde milyonlarca kişiyi etkileyen, kişinin yaşamında ciddi psiko-sosyal kayıplara yol açan, manik ya da depresif hastalık dönemleri ile iyilik halinin dönüşümlü olarak yer aldığı, kronik gidişli bir beyin hastalığıdır. Patofizyolojisine ilişkin veriler ve kuramlar erken dönemlerde nörokimyasal çalışmalara dayanırken, gelişen beyin görüntüleme yöntemleri ve moleküler biyoloji teknikleri, bu hastalıkta beyin farklı anatomik bölgelerindeki işlev ve hücre değişikliklerini, nöral döngü etkilenmelerini, hücre için sinyal ileti sistemlerinin hastalık ve tedavi süreçlerinden nasıl etkilendiğini anlamamıza yardımcı olmaktadır. Beyin görüntüleme yöntemleriyle total beyin hacminde normallerden bir farklılık görülmezken, dorsolateral prefrontal korteks (DLPFK) ve anterior singulatta normallere göre sinir ve glial hücre yoğunluğunda azalma, gene DLPFK’te hücre sağ kalımının bir göstergesi olarak kabul edilen N-asetil aspartat (NAA) düzeylerinde azalma ön plana çıkmaktadır. Görüntüleme verileri iki uçlu bozuklukta çocukluk çağından başlayarak erişkinlik çağına kadar frontolimbik beyin bölgelerinin yapısal ve işlevsel olarak etkilendiği, beyin yarı kürelerinin kendi içlerinde ve birbirleriyle olan bağlantılarında sorun olduğu doğrultusundadır. Bu hastalıkta beynin farklı bölgelerinde ve yaygın olarak hücre patolojisi görülmesi birçok nöronal döngünün iki uçlu bozukluğun nöropatolojisinde rol oynuyor olabileceğinin bir göstergesi olabilir. Korteksten başlayıp, amigdala hipokampus, talamus, nukleus akumbens, mediodorsal talamus, ventral pallidum, beyin sapı (lokus seruleus ve rafe çekirdeği), hipotalamus ve serebellumu içine alan, bu yapıların geri dönüşümlü biçimde birbirleriyle ilişkili oldukları bir nöroanatomik döngüden söz etmek olasıdır. Hastalığın nörobiyolojisinde ve özellikle lityum gibi duygudurum dengeleyici ilaçların etki düzeneklerini anlamada sinaptik aralıkta miktar değişikliğine uğrayan norepinefrin, serotonin gibi nörotransmitterlerin ötesinde, sinir hücresi membranında yerleşmiş olan G proteinlerinden başlayarak adenil siklaz, fosfatidil inositol ikincil ileti sistemleri, protein kinaz C, mitojen aktive edici protein kinazlar gibi hüce içi yolaklar ve sonunda çekirdek düzeyinde hücre sağ kalımını sağlayan ve ölümünü engelleyen proteinlerin transkripsiyonunda farklılaşma ve düzenlenmesine ilişkin süreçleri kavramak gereklidir.
Recent Understanding Of Neuropathogenesis In Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Approach From Clinical To Molecular Level
Bipolar disorder is a chronic brain illness with a relapsing and remitting course, affecting millions of people and causing serious psycho-social loss. Early findings related to its pathophysiology come from neurochemical studies whereas recent developments in brain imaging and moleculer techniques enable us to understand how different brain regions and which neural circuits are functionally affected, what kind of cell morphology changes take place and how intracellular signal transduction pathways become a target for the effect of mood stabilizing agents like lithium in this ilness. While total brain volume shows no difference than normal controls, neuronal and glial density loss in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) as well as anterior cingulate are prominent and the presumed indicator of cell viability, N-acetyl aspartate levels are lower than controls in DLPFC. Imaging findings point to structural and functional changes in frontolimbic brain regions and intra and interhemispheric disconnection problems in bipolar patients beginning in early life and extending to adulthood. A pervasive cell pathology in different brain regions, may suggest the involvment of several neural circuits including amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, nucleus accumbens, mediodorsal thalamus, ventral pallidum, brain stem (locus ceruleus, raphe nuclei), hypothalamus and cerebellum and reciprocal relationships between these regions. Understanding the changes in the levels of synaptic norepinephrin, serotonin as well as membrane located G proteins, secondary messengers and transcription of genes coding antiapopitotic processes is necessary to understand the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder as well as mechanism of action of mood stabilizing agents.

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