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Yıl:2007; Cilt: 3; Sayı: 12>> Özet
Türkiye Klinikleri Dahili Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi Psikiyatri; 2007;3(12):17-23
Paranoid Kişilik Bozukluğu
E Tatlıdil, E Turan
Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri ABD
Paranoid kişilik bozukluğunun (PKB), sürekli olarak bir kuşkucu­luk hali ve karşısındaki insanların davranışlarının, amaçlarının kötü niyetli olduğuna duyulan inançla belirgindir. Bu bozukluk ergenlik veya erken erişkinlik dönemlerinde başlar.
Paranoid bireyler çoğunlukla, şüphecilikleri ve suçlamalarına artık dayanamayan aile üyeleri ve iş arkadaşları tarafından tedaviye yönlendi­rilirler. Ancak paranoid bireyler tedaviye gelseler bile, psikiyatrik açıdan bir sorunları olmadığı yönündeki inançları genelde değişmemiştir.
PKB bulunan bireyler, kendilik imgelerine ilişkin iki kutupluluk yaşarlar. Davranışları grandiyöz ve kibirli olsa bile, aslında, duygulan yetersiz ve küçük gördüğü kendilikle, her şeye yeten, her zaman haklı olan kendilik arasında gidip gelmektedir.
Dıştan bakıldığında, paranoid bireyler, kibirli, talepkar, başkaları­na güvenmeyen, ahlakçı ve diğer insanlara karşı aşın tetikte kişilerdir. İç dünyalannda ise utangaç, korkmuş, kendisine güvenemeyen, kolayca aldanabilen, başkalannı düşünmeyen, gerçek olaylann tamamının anlamını kavrayamayan kişilerdir.
PKB'nun iki anahtar savunma mekanizması yansıtma ve yansıt­malı özdeşimdir. Yansıtma, içsel bir tehdidi dıştaki tehdit ile değiştir­mektedir. Yansıtmalı özdeşim ise bir adım ileriye giderek, tehditleri dışlaştırmanın yanı sıra, çevredeki insanlan kontrol ederek patolojik bir biçimde paranoid kişiye bağlamaktadır.
Paranoid bireylerle sürdürülen psikoterapinin esas hedefi, bireyle­rin, sorunlannın kaynaklannın dışandan gelmekte olduğu algısının, içeriden kaynaklandığı gerçeğine dönüştürülmesi olmalıdır. Ancak bu dönüşüm acele edilmeden ve her bireye özgü değişik bir zaman çizelgesi içerisinde gerçekleştirilmelidir.
PKB'da içgörünün nadiren kazanılması nedeniyle uzun dönem te­davi başansı yetersizdir
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) denotes a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of other people, whose motives are interpreted as being malevolent. The disorder begins by adolescence or early adult­hood.
Paranoid patients are often brought to treatment by family mem­bers or coworkers who are fed up with the patient's constant allegations and accusations. Even when paranoid patients enter treatment, they usually remain unconvinced that they are psychiatrically disturbed.
Individuals with PPD experience a polarity in their self-image. Even though their behavior may be grandiose and arrogant, their feel­ings would alternate between the impotent, despised self and the om­nipotent, vindicated self.
Outwardly, paranoid individuals are demanding, arrogant, mis­trustful, driven and acutely vigilant towards the external environ-ment.Internally, patients are frightened, timid, self-doubting, gullible, inconsiderate and unable to grasp the total meaning of actual events.
Projection and projective identification are two key defence mechanisms of the PPD. Projection substitutes an external threat for an internal one. In addition to externalizing threats, projective identification controls people in the environment by binding them to the paranoid person in highly pathological ways.
The overall goal of psychotherapeutic work with paranoid pa­tients is to help them shift their perceptions of the origin of their prob­lems from an external locus to an internal one. This shift can only follow an unhurried timetable that is unique to each patient.
Long»term treatment is often not possible and psychological in­sight is rarely acquired.

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