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Yıl:2006; Cilt: 9; Sayı: 4>> Özet
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Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2006;9(4):198-202
Klozapin Kullanımıyla İlişkili Miyokloni: Bir Olgu Sunumu
A Sarıçiçek, L Gülseren
izmir Atatürk Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Psikiyatri Kliniği, izmir
Klozapin dirençli şizofreni olgularının tedavisinde kul­lanılan, tipik antipsikotik ilaçlara göre daha az ekstrapi-ramidal yan etkisi olan güçlü bir atipik antipsikotik ilaçtır. Postsinaptik D2 reseptörlerine düşük affinitesi olması ve D1, D4 ve 5HT2 reseptörleri üzerinden etki etmesi ile tipik antipsikotiklerden ayrılır. Başlıca yan etkileri agranülositoz, epileptik nöbetler, ortostatik hipotansi­yon, sedasyon ve hipersalivasyondur. Nöbetlerin yanısıra, miyokloni oluşmasını tetikleyebileceği bildirilmiştir. Miyokloni, bir kas ya da kas grubunda birdenbire ortaya çıkan, kısa süreli, düzensiz çekilmeler olarak tanımla­nabilir. Birçok psikotrop ilaç miyokloni oluşmasını tetikleyebilir. Klozapin kullanımına bağlı olarak geliştiği bildirilen miyokloni olguları ile ilgili sınırlı sayıda yayın bulunmaktadır. Çeşitli araştırmacılar miyokloni oluşu­munda, başta serotonin olmak üzere dopamin ve noradrenalinin yer aldığı monoaminerjik sistemin rolüne dikkat çekmişlerdir. Miyoklonik kasılmalar grand mal nöbetin habercisi olabilir. Bazı olgularda klozapinin düşük dozda kullanımıyla miyokloni geliştiği bildirilmiştir. Klozapin tedavisinin başlangıç dönemi miyokloni ve epileptik nöbetlerin görülmesi açısından en riskli dönemdir. Doz artımının yavaş yapılması nöbet görülme sıklığını azalta­bilir. Klozapine bağlı miyokloni ortaya çıktığında ilacı tamamen kesmek, dozu azaltmak ya da antiepileptik ajanlarla birlikte tedaviye devam etmek önerilen seçenek­ler arasındadır. Bu yazıda klozapin tedavisi ile miyokloni ve düşme atağı gözlenen şizofreni tanılı bir olgu sunula­cak ve bulgular ilgili yazın eşliğinde tartışılacaktır.
Clozapine-lnduced Myoclonus: A Case Report
Clozapine is a potent atypical antipsychotic drug being used to treat treatment-refractory schizophrenia and has fewer extrapyramidal side effects in comparison to con­ventional antipsyhotic drugs. It has a weaker affinity for post-synaptic D2 receptors and exhibits its actions via D1, D4 and 5HT2 receptors. Side effects of major clinical importance include agranulocytosis, seizures, orthosta-sis, sedation and, hypersalivation. In addition to general­ized seizures, clozapine may also produce myoclonus. Myoclonus can be defined as spontaneous, paroxysmal and irregular contractions of a muscle or muscle group. It can be focal or multi-focal. Many psychotropic drugs can induce myoclonus. There has been limited amount of scientific publications on clozapine-induced myoclonus. Several researchers have emphasized the role of monoaminergic system including especially sero­tonin, dopamine and noradrenalin in myoclonic activity. The GABA-ergic system has also been investigated because clonazepam and valproic acid sometimes allevi­ate this phenomenon. It is thought that myoclonic events could be precursors of generalized seizures. Clozapine-induced miyoclonus has been reported to occur at low doses in some cases. The time of initiation of treatment with clozapine appears to be a period of greater risk for myoclonus and seizures. Slower titration may reduce seizure rates. Discontinuation of drug, low­ering of dosage, addition of anticonvulsant are recom­mended when clozapine-induced myoclonus occurs. We present here a schizophrenia patient treated with cloza­pine who experienced myoclonic jerks and drop attacks and we discuss these symptoms with the related litera­ture.

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