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Yıl:2006; Cilt: 2; Sayı: 29>> Özet
Türkiye Klinikleri Dahili Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi Psikiyatri; 2006;2(29):23-29
Bipolar Bozuklukta Bilişsel İşlevler
A Doruk, F Özgen
GATA Psikiyatri AD, Ankara
Son zamanlarda, bipolar bozuklukta bilişsel işlevlerdeki bozukluğu gösteren çok sayıda kanıt bildirilmektedir. Bu işlev bozuklukları, seçici dikkatte ve dikkati sürdürmede, anımsama ve tanıma belleğinde, sözel öğrenmede, sözel akıcılıkta, tepki oluşturma zamanında, psikomotor ve yürütücü işlevlerde görülmektedir. Bunlar, remisyon dönemlerinde, hatta tedavinin sonlanmasından sonra da sürebilmektedir. Bilişsel işlevler, doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak bir çok etken tarafından etkilenmektedir. Bazı bilişsel yetersizlikler, muhtemelen hastalık öncesi dönemde de bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca, kronisite, epizod sıklığı, uyku bozuklukları, depresyon ve manik epizodla ilişkili hiperkortizolemi, lityuma bağlı eşik altı hipotiroidi, antikolinerjik ilaçlar ve madde kullanımı da bilişsel işlevleri etkilemektedir. Bipolar bozukluğu olan bireylerde, bilişsel yetersizliklerin tanımlanabilmesi için nöropsikolojik işlevlerin sistematik olarak değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Kısmen de olsa, işlevlerde yetersizliğe neden olduğundan dolayı tedavide bilişsel işlevler dikkate alınmalıdır. Seçici serotonin geri alım inhibitörleri, atipik antipsikotikler ve lamotrigin bilişsel işlevler açısından faydalı olmaktadır.
Cognitive Functions In Bipolar Disorder
Recently, the evidences of cognitive dysfunction in different areas such as selective and sustained attention, recall tasks and recognition memory, verbal learning, verbal fluency, reaction time tasks, psychomotor and executive functions have been reported in bipolar patients. These impairments can persist even when patients are in remission of psychotic symptoms and have, to date, eluded treatment. There are different factors that, directly or indirectly, may influence cognitive functioning. Probably, some cognitive deficits are also present before the onset of the illness. In addition to this, chronicity, the frequency of episodes, sleep disturbances, hypercortisolemia associated with the depressed and manic phases, subclinically hypothyroid related to lithium, anticholinergic medications and substance abuse also influence cognitive functions. A systematic evaluation of neuropsychological functioning in individuals with bipolar disorder is necessary to clarify the types of cognitive dysfunctions. Cognition is considered a reasonable treatment target, partly because cognitive deficits contribute to poor functional outcomes. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, atypical antipsychotics and lamotrigine may be benefical with respect to cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder.

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