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Yıl:2006; Cilt: 16; Sayı: 2>> Özet
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Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni; 2006;16(2):118-127
Prefrontal korteks ve şizofreni
A Ertuğrul, M Rezaki
Hacettepe Ü. Tıp Fak. Psikiyatri ABD, Ankara
Amaç: Bir prefrontal korteks (PFK] işlevi olan işlem belleğinde görülen bozukluklar şizofreninin temel endofenotiplerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Negatif belirtilerin de PFK işlev bozukluğundan kaynak­landığı düşünülmektedir. Şizofreni patofizyolojisinin anlaşılması için PFK'in işlevlerinin, şizofrenide PFK'de olan değişikliklerin araştırılması gereklidir. Bu gözden geçirmede amaç şizofrenide PFK'de olan deği­şiklikleri değerlendirmek ve bu değişikliklerin hastalığın ortaya çıkışı ile ilişkisini tartışmaktır.
Yöntem: Geriye dönük olarak kaynak taraması yapılmış, son 10 yıl içinde yayınlanmış araştırmalar gözden geçirilmiştir. Bu konuda ya­yınlanmış çalışmalar, 'şizofreni, prefrontal korteks' anahtar sözcükleri kullanılarak Pubmed arama motoru aracılığıyla taranmıştır. Bulgular: Nörogörüntüleme çalışmalarında şizofren hastalarda kon­trollere göre 'hipofrontalite' olduğu, prefrontal etkinlikte artış gerekti­ren işlem belleği görevleri sırasında da hipofrontalitenin belirginleşti­ği gösterilmiştir. Negatif belirtilerin şiddeti ile hipofrontalite arasında korelasyon olduğu da bildirilmiştir. Prefrontal kortekste sinaptik işlev bozukluğuna işaret eden hücresel anormallikler bulunmuş, PFK'in dopaminerjik modülasyonunda, GABAerjik nörotransmiter sisteminde bozukluklar, NMDA reseptör etkinliğinden sorumlu moleküllerde değişiklikler tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Kanıtlar, şizofrenide prefrontal kortekste yapısal ve işlevsel bo­zukluklar olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunun nedenleri ile ilgili kesin yargılara varmak için henüz erken olmakla birlikte, bulgular nörogelişimsel bir bozukluğa işaret etmektedir.
Prefrontal cortex and schizophrenia
Objective: Deficits in working memory, a prefrontal function, is accepted as one of the core endophenotypes of schizophrenia. Negative symptoms are also thought to be caused by dysfunction of prefrontal cortex (PFC). Functions of PFC and alterations in PFC in schizophrenia should be studied to better understand the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The aim of this review is to assess the changes in PFC of schizophrenic patients and discuss their relationship with the disease process.
Method: Literature was reviewed retrospectively and the relevant studies within the last 10 [year]s were included. For this purpose Pubmed search engine and 'schizophrenia, prefrontal cortex' key words were used.
Results: Neuroimaging studies show hypofrontality in patients compared to controls, especially during working memory tasks which need activation of PFC. Negative symptoms are also found to be correlated with hypofrontality. There are cellular abnormalities which point out synaptic dysfunctions in PFC of schizophrenic patients. Dopaminergic modulation of PFC is found to be impaired, and deficits in GABAergic inhibitory system and alterations in molecules critical for NMDA receptor function are detected.
Conclusion: Data show that there are structural and functional changes in PFC of schizophrenic patients. Although it is early to reach a definite conclusion, these changes seem to be caused by a neurodevelopmental pathology.

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