Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2006; Cilt: 44; Sayı: 2>> Özet
TAM METİN
Yeni Symposium; 2006;44(2):92-99
Tekrarlanan Transkraniyal Manyetik Stimülasyon (rTMS) ve Depresyon Tedavisi
MK Doksat, S Aslan
İ.Ü. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak. Psikiyatri ABD
Amaç: Bu derleme yazısında tekrarlanan transkraniyal manyetik stimülasyonun (rTMS) tanımı, tekniği, uygulaması, klinik endikasyonları ve yan etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. rTMS, kafatası üzerinde oluşturulan manyetik alan ile korteksi uyarma işlemidir. Manyetik dalgalar kafa derisi ve beyin dokusunu dokulara zarar vermeden ve elektrik direncine yol açmadan geçer. Yüksek frekanslı uygulamalarda hafif bir ağrı ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Metal levhanın altındaki alanda nöronlarda depolarizasyon oluşur. rTMS'nin yol açtığı manyetik dalgalar nöronlarda 5HT2 ve nora-drenejik reseptörlerde değişikliklere yol açmaktadır.
Yöntem: Bu amaçla rTMS ile yapılan bilimsel araştırma yazıları medline taranarak gözden geçiril­miş, olabildiğince tam metinler okunarak bulgular elde edilmiştir.
Bulgular: rTMS ile yapılan çalışmalar depresyon tedavisinde cesaretlendirici bulgular ortaya koymuştur. Bugüne kadar yapılan çalışmalarda çoğunlukla rTMS kâzip rTMS ile veya elektrokon-vülsif terapi (EKT) ile karşılaştın I m ıştır. Araştırmalarda çoğunlukla ağır depresyon veya dirençli depresyonu olan hastalar tercih edilmiştir. rTMS'nin kâzip yönteme göre daha etkili, EKT ile ise karşılaştırabilir düzeyde etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. rTMS EKT'ye göre uygulama sırasında genel anesteji ve kas gevşetici gerektirmemesi ve etkililik için epileptik nöbet gerektirmemesi gibi avan­tajlar taşımaktadır. Her ne kadar optimal uygulama esasları üzerinde tartışmalar sürmekte ise de sol dorsolateral prefrontal kortekse (DLPFK) yapılan hızlı (10-20 Hz) uyarımın depresyon tedavisinde daha etkili olduğu kabul görmüştür. Antidepresan ilâçlarla karşılaştırma çalışmaları henüz yeterli düzeyde değildir. rTMS'nin uzun dönemde yineleme riski üzerine etkisi, sürdürüm tedavisindeki etkinliliği ile çalışmalar sürmektedir.
Tartışma: Yöntem depresyon tedavisinde, ağır depresyonu olan veya ilâç tedavisine dirençli hasta­larda yeni bir seçenek olarak ön plâna çıkmaktadır. Yakınlarda yayınlanan bir meta-analizde, TMS kullanılan ve hiçbir stimülasyon yapılmadan kâzip TMS'nin kullanıldığı hastalar tedavi sonuçları açısından karşılaştırıldıklarında arada bir fark bulunmadığı bildirilmiştir.
Sonuç: Elimizdeki bulgular tekniğin birçok hastaya rutin olarak, rastgele olarak ve aynı zamanda çeşitli psikotrop ilâçlar verilirken uygulanmasının bilimsel ve etik yönünün mevcut olmadığını göstermektedir.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Treatment of Depression
Objective: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) utilizes an electrical current that passes through a metal coil applied to the scalp to produce fluctuating magnetic pulses. Unlike electrical stimulation, these magnetic pulses enter the brain painlessly and unimpeded, causing neuronal depolarization in a localized area under the coil and possibly distal effects as well. rTMS is an experimental technique, and currently has no approved psychiatric indications. At this time, the most studied psychiatric disorder in rTMS research is major depression. This review article focuses on the evaluation of rTMS efficacy in depressive patients.
Method: Open studies, controlled studies, case series, and meta-analyses about rTMS were reviewed and findings were discussed.
Findings: Therapeutic application of rTMS for depression has produced encouraging preliminary results. Furthermore, both human and animal studies have observed a number of similar effects induced by rTMS, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and antidepressants on the endocrine system,




sleep parameters, and in certain behavioral and biochemical measures, all of which are associated with potential antidepressant properties.
Clinical observations and several studies have explored the potential antidepressant effects of rTMS in humans. To date, much of the literature has centered on comparisons of rTMS to sham rTMS. Most studies observed that patients treated with rTMS had a significantly better clinical out­come than those receiving sham rTMS. Overall, the majority of studies have reported a positive outcome with rTMS for drug treatment-resistant or severe depression. There have also been favor­able preliminary results in comparisons of rTMS to ECT for a more severely ill, often drug-resistant, heterogeneous group of patients seen in clinical practice. Recent studies have suggested that rTMS of the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) might be as effective as an ECT for major depression. These findings were obtained with rTMS (10-20 Hz) to the left prefrontal cortex. These results, however, were obtained in patients who were not medication free, and more importantly, were not directly compared to that of standard antidepressant medication.
Discussion: Findings indicate that rTMS may be an alternative to ECT for at least some patients with more severe depression. Even if only a proportion of subjects respond to this alternative inter­vention, there are distinct advantages of rTMS. Compared to ECT, rTMS appears to have a poten­tially lower adverse effect profile, including fewer cognitive adverse effects; is easier to adminis­ter; no need for anesthesia induction or operating room recovery monitoring. The search for treatment interventions that may improve the outcome of patients with severe depression is greatly needed. Outcome studies following rTMS can help us define whether true long-term gains can be achieved with rTMS. The data we reported suggest that the clinical effects of rTMS are sustained over time, possibly as long as those seen with ECT.
Conclusion: A number of small, open-labeled and few controlled studies have suggested that rTMS may be effective in some patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder as well as in those with milder major depressive disorder. In a recent mea-analysis, no difference between was found between TMS and sham TMS. Thus, there is no scientific and ethical rationale for applying this technique almost routinely to all kinds of patients who are also being treated with many psy­chotropic drugs.

http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-orange-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-clutch-29cm-croco-white-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-32cm-ostrich-vein-6108-black-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-clutch-29cm-croco-dark-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-herbag-31cm-green-canvas-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-wallet-camel-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-men-h-belt-138-silver-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-so-kelly-28cm-togo-leather-shoulder-bag-green-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-32cm-togo-leather-6108-electric-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbag-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-burgundy.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-bolide-31cm-togo-leather-pink-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-handbag-crocodile-leather-green-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-23cm-croco-leather-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-pink-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-elephant-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-dark-blue-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-electric-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-h-wallet-royal-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbags-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-electric-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-burgundy.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-epsom-leather-grey-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-elephant-grey.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-wallet-h005-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-camel-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-wallet-togo-leather-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-herbag-31cm-burgundy-canvas-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-kelly-22cm-epsom-leather-yellow-silver-with-chain-strap.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-blue-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-30cm-birkin-bag-togo-leather-with-strap-light-pink-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-wallet-togo-leather-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-rose-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-jige-clutch-29cm-croco-green.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-25cm-handbag-6068-orange-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-large-36cm-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-red-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-epsom-leather-pink-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-wallet-h005-in-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-picotin-lock-togo-leather-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-kelly-22cm-epsom-leather-green-silver-with-chain-strap.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-25cm-handbag-6068-orange-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbag-yellow-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-orange-golden.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-camel-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-men-h-belt-138-gold-light-coffee.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-28cm-bag-togo-leather-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-small-31cm-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-handbag-large-36cm-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbag-burgundy-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-dark-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-light-coffee-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-so-kelly-28cm-togo-leather-shoulder-bag-hot-pink-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-30cm-togo-leather-handbags-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-white.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-36cm-leather-handbag-black-hot-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-handbag-crocodile-leather-brown-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-wallet-togo-leather-rose.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-bi-fold-wallet-h006-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-epsom-leather-red-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-togo-leather-handbags-black-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-men-h-belt-138-silver-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-black.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-epsom-leather-jige-clutch-29cm-brown.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-bolide-31cm-togo-leather-orange-bag.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-wallet-h005-h-red.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-medor-clutch-29cm-croco-burgundy.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-crocodile-leather-handbag-grey-white-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-red-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-dark-khaki-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-garden-party-36cm-canvas-handbag-yellow.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-calf-leather-8616-handbag-cherry-pink.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-kelly-cut-31cm-epsom-leather-clutch-orange.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-lindy-30cm-handbag-orange-silver.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-blue.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-handbag-crocodile-leather-green-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-kelly-22cm-epsom-leather-yellow-silver-with-chain-strap.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-camel.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-bag-23cm-togo-leather-black-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-mini-evelyne-tpm-bag-green.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-dogon-wallet-togo-leather-h001-green.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-birkin-35cm-cattle-skin-vein-handbags-blue-gold.html http://www.simplehandbaga.com/hermes-constance-23cm-togo-leather-orange-silver.html