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Yıl:1993; Cilt: ; Sayı: 3>> Özet
Depresyon Monografları Serisi; 1993;(3):109-122
Depresyonun Psikodinamik Etyolojisi
A Çevik, VD Volkan
Ankara Üniv. Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri ABD, Ankara
Bu bölümde depresyonun psikodinamik etyolojisi, Freud'un klasik psikanalitik kuramlarından başlanarak çağdaş ego psikolojisi ve nesne ilişkileri kuramları çerçevesinde açıklanmıştır. Depresyonun psikodinamiği normal yasın psikodinamiği çerçevesinde ele alınabilir. Klasik psikanalitik kurama göre, kaybı yaşayan ile nesne arasında karşılıklı olarak hem sevgi, hem de nefret ilişkisi vardır. Yani nesneye hem libido, hem de agresyon yatırılmıştır. Bu durum ilişkilerdeki ikilemin (ambivalans) temelini oluşturur. Nesne kaybedildiği zaman bu ilişki tek yanlı (karşılıksız) bir nitelik kazanır. Kayıp gerçeği kabul edildiğinde kişi bu nesneyi anılarında yaşatmaya çalışır. Kaybedilen nesne ile ilişkilerde aşırı bir ikilem (ambivalans) yoksa bir yıl kadar süren bir yas çahşmasıy]a bu kişiyle olan özdeşim ilişkileri aşamalı olarak işlenip çözümlenir. Şayet ilişkilerde aşırı bir ikilem varsa depresyon meydana gelir.
Nesne ilişkilerinin gelişimi sürecinde insanın yaşadığı kayıplar iki grupta değerlendirilebilir: Bunlar gerçek kayıplar ve gelişimsel kayıplardır. Gelişimsel kayıpların anlaşılması ve bilinmesi depresyonun hangi seviyede bir kayıpla bağlantılı olduğunu göstermesi ve dolayısıyla tedavi planının yapılması bakımından önemlidir. Nesne ve bireyin şelfini gelişimsel olarak irdelediğimizde depresyonun önemi ve ciddiyeti daha çok anlaşılır. Depresyonun klinik tablosu bireyin nesne ilişkilerindeki gelişim düzeyine göre değişmektedir. Bu değişiklikler, depresyon belirtilerinin yanı sıra klinik tablonun psikoz veya nevroz arasında değişen boyutlarının anlaşılmasına da açıklık getirmektedir.

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