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Yıl:2023; Cilt: 3; Sayı: 1>> Özet
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Politik Psikoloji Dergisi; 2023;3(1):6-28
Atatürk Milliyetçiliğinde Kimlik Oluşumunun Kökenlerinin İzini Sürmek: Türk Ocakları Ve Halkevlerinden İçgörüler
F Saruhan
Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul
On sekizinci ve on dokuzuncu yüzyıl boyunda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu önce Batı Medeniyeti ile girdiği mücadelede göreli olarak geri kalışına çareler aramış, daha sonra ise parçalanma evresinde ise elde kalan bakiyeden bir milli devlet kurma çabasına girmiştir. Dini azınlıklar temelinde şekillenen Osmanlı Millet sistemi, 1789 Fransız Devriminden ilham alan Hristiyan milletler ile girişilen Balkan Savaşları sonunda, bu milletlerin bağımsızlıklarını kazanması neticesi başarısız olmuştur. Bu arada bir dönem Osmanlı’ya bağlı Müslüman Arap ve Türk Halklarından yeni bir ulus yaratma fikri ortaya çıkmış, ancak bu projede Arap Milletlerin Birinci Dünya savaşında Osmanlıya karşı İtilaf devletleri ile iş birliği yapmaları sonucu başarısız olmuştur. Siyasal alanda, II.Abdülhamit (1876-1908) döneminde Parlamenter Monarşi denemesinin de başarısız olması özellikle zamanın Osmanlı aydınları arasında huzursuzluğun giderek daha da artmasına neden olmuştur. II. Abdülhamit Döneminde sürgüne gönderilen aydınların kurduğu Jön Türk Hareketi, Balkanlar’da Sultan’a karşı isyan eden asker kökenli hareket ile birleşip önce İttihat ve Terakki Komitesi adını aldı, daha sonra siyasi partiye dönüşerek güçlü bir siyasi hareket olarak Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun son yıllarına damgasını vurmuştur. İşte bu partinin kısa iktidarı döneminin başat ideolojisi olarak Türkçü ve Milliyetçi akımlar imparatorluğun son dönemine damgasını vurmuştur. Tüm bu çabalar 29 Ekim 1923 yılında milli bir devlet olarak Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin kuruluşu ile neticelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda bu çalışma; önce bir Milli devlet kurma, sonra bir Ulus inşa etme analojisi ile tanımlanabilecek modern bir milli devlet kurma ve millet yaratma fikrinin tarihsel arka planını, milliyetçilik teorilerini göz önünde bulundurarak psikopolitik perspektiften incelemeyi amaçlamıştır.
Tracıng The Orıgıns Of Identıty Formatıon In Atatürk's Natıonalısm: Insıghts From Türk Ocakları And Halkevlerı
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Ottoman Empire first sought remedies for its relative backwardness in its struggle with Western Civilization, and then, in the disintegration phase, tried to establish a national state from the remaining remnants. The Ottoman Millet system, which was shaped around religious minorities, proved unsuccessful in granting independence to Christian nations inspired by the 1789 French Revolution, following the Balkan Wars. In the meantime, there emerged an idea to create a new nation from the Muslim Arab and Turkish populations under Ottoman rule. However, this project failed due to the Arab nations' collaboration with the Allied Powers against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. In the political sphere, the unsuccessful attempt to establish a Parliamentary Monarchy during the reign of Abdulhamid II (1876-1908) led to an increasing unrest among the Ottoman intellectuals of that time. The Young Turk Movement, founded by exiled intellectuals during Abdulhamid II'sera, merged with a military-originated rebellion against the Sultan in the Balkans. Initially named the Committee of Union and Progress, this coalescence later transformed into a political party, becoming a powerful political force that left its mark on the final years of the Ottoman Empire. The predominant ideologies of this party during its brief period in power were Turkism and Nationalism, which significantly influenced the empire's concluding era. All of these efforts culminated in the establishment of the Republic of Turkey as a national state on October 29, 1923.In this context, this study aims to examine the historical background of the idea of establishing a modern nation-state and creatinga nation, which can be defined through the analogy of first forming a national state and then constructing a nation. It aims to explore this concept from a psychopolitical perspective, taking into account relevant nationalism theories.

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