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Yıl:2005; Cilt: 43; Sayı: 1>> Özet
TAM METİN
Yeni Symposium; 2005;43(1):14-19
Emosyon ve Temel İnsan Davranışlarının Evrimsel Gelişimi
Ö Öztürk, D Eraslan, B Kayahan
Amaç: İnsanoğlunun, milyonlarca yıldan beri devam etmekte olan evriminde, emosyonların, hayatta kalmayı kolaylaştırıcı biyolojik fenomenler olarak nasıl işlev gördükleri ve günümüzde de hâlen devam eden bâzı evrensel davranış kalıplarına nasıl katkıda bulunduklarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Konuyla ilgili literatür taranmış, tartışma ve iddialar özetlenmiştir. Bulgular: Son on yıldır, beyin-bilimlerinde, insan zihninin işleyişini aşağıdan yukarıya doğru açıklamaya çalışan modellerle yukarıdan aşağıya doğru açıklamaya çalışan modellerin kesişmesine tanık olunmaya başlanmıştır. Bu interdisipliner yaklaşıma en iyi örnek psikanalitik model ve nörobiyolojik gerçeklikler doğrultusunda ortaya koyulan modern rüya kuramıdır. Bu perspektişe, disiplinler arasında ilginç bağlantılar kurulabilmekte ve heyecan verici açıklamalara ulaşmak mümkün olmaktadır. Temel davranış kalıplarını açıklamak amacıyla evrimsel bilgiden faydalanılması çabası görece yeni bir yaklaşım olmakla beraber, bu konuda çarpıcı açılımlar getirmektedir. İnsanoğlunun dünya üzerindeki evrimi yaklaşık 5 milyon yılı kapsamaktadır, oysa günümüzde yaşayan insanlar yani Homo Sapiens Sapiensler bu sürecin sadece son 200 bin yılında varolmuşlardır. Emosyonlar, bu uzun süreçte hayatta kalabilmeyi kolaylaştıran ilkel savunma düzeneklerinden, dilin (lisanın) henüz gelişmediği zamanlarda iletişim görevi görmeye kadar çeşitli vazifeler üstlenmişlerdir. Bâzı emosyonların tüm yüksek omurgalılarda hâlen ortak olması bunun bir kanıtıdır. Tartışma: Bugüne kadar nedenleri tam anlamıyla cevap bulmamış olan birçok davranış biçimine evrimsel psikiyatri perspektifiyle bakıldığında, anlamlı olabilecek sonuçlara ulaşmak mümkündür. İnsanların neden topluluk hâlinde yaşadıklarından, beslenme biçimlerine, hâttâ nedenselliği üzerinde çok durulmamış bazı ahlâkî kavramlara kadar, çevresine adapte olabilmeye ve hayatta kalabilmeye çalışan insanoğlunun mücadelesinin pratik sonuçları olmaları açısından bakılabilir. Bâzı temel davranış örüntülerinin de var olagelen biyolojik altyapı yâni emosyonlar üzerinde şekillenmiş olması muhtemeldir. Sonuç: Uzun evrimsel sürecimizden kalan biyolojik mirasımız, hâlen daha davranışlarımızda belirleyici olabilmektedir.
Evolutionary Development of Emotions and Basic Human Behaviours
Objective: In this article, the role of emotions as a biological phenomenon which help survival in nature during millions [year]s of human evolution and their effect on some prevailing universal behavioral patterns are reviewed. Method: The current literature about the subject is studied and the discussions and arguments are summarized. Findings: Within the last ten [year]s, there have been efforts to reach an intersection between models which aim to explain how human mind works by using bottom to up approach and up to bottom approach. A good example of this interdisciplinary approach is the modern dream theory, where both psychoanalytic theory and neurobiological facts were condensed. From this perspective, interesting connections between diverse disciplines and striking interpretations become possible. Evolutionary biology has reached a satisfactory level of knowledge by the help of rapid developments in genetics. Although it is respectively a new approach, usage of evolutionary knowledge in explaining the nature of human mind and behavior has brought a stunning perspective on this issue. The evolution of human beings on earth dates back to 5 million [year]s ago. However, living humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) have prevailed on earth only the last 200 housand [year]s of this long pro cess. Emotions have either worked as primitive defense mechanisms which help survival or a kind of communication tool when [language] did not yet exist. Still existing common emotions in higher vertebrates stand as a proof for this idea. Discussion: It is possible to reach satisfactory explanations to the reason of some behavioral patterns which can not be satisfactorily explained with current approaches. We might claim that, some social (inclination to live together) and nutritional patterns of humans and even ethical rules are the practical results of struggle for adaptation and survival of our kind. It is plausible that some basic behavioral patterns might be shaped around emotions as a biological background. Conclusion: The biological heritage of our long evolutionary past might still have its effects on our behavior.

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