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Yıl:2006; Cilt: 44; Sayı: 1>> Özet
TAM METİN
Yeni Symposium; 2006;44(1):44-48
Akut Serebrovasküler Hastalık Sonrası Erken Dönemde Depresyon
G Benbir, E Gözükırmızı
İÜ Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak. Nöroloji ABD
Amaç: inme sonrası gelişen birçok tıbbî komplikasyon hastaların hayat kalitesini etkileyerek önemli bir halk sağlığı problemi oluşturmaktadır. Depresyon, eşlik ettiği inme vak'alarında fonksiyonel özürlülük derecesini arttırmakta ve rehabilitasyonun etkisini azaltmaktadır. Bu nedenle, depresyonun erken tanı ve tedavisi inmenin seyri ve prognozu için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Depresyona ilişkin belirti ve bulgular, sık ortaya çıkan bir komplikasyon olmasına karşın, inme geçiren hastaların kendilerini ifâdelerinin bozulması veya içgörünün etkilenebilmesi gibi fonksiyonel kayıplara bağlı olarak sıklıkla tanınamamaktadır.
Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, akut serebrovasküler hastalık geçiren 97 vak'a ayrıntılı anamnez ve fizik muayene bilgileri ile değerlendirilmiş, fonksiyonel özürlülük ölçümü ise Barthel indeksi ile belirlen¬miştir. Nöropsikiyatrik değerlendirme ve depresyon tanısında DSM IV TR kriterleri göz önünde bulundurulmuş, depresyonunun şiddetinin belirlenmesinde ise Montgomery Asberg Depresyon Değerlendirme Ölçeği değerleri kabul edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Hastalarımızın 22'sinde (%22.7) depresyon mevcudiyeti tesbit edildi. Depresyon skorları ile yaşları karşılaştırıldığında, istatistiksel anlamlılık gösteren negatif korelasyon saptandı (p<0.05, t=-55.05). Depresyon tanısı almış 22 vak'anın 14'ü kadın (%63.6) hasta idi (p<0.05). Akut serebrovasküler hastalığın 47 tanesi (%48.5) sağ hemisferde, 50 tanesi ise (%51.5) sol hemisferde yer almaktaydı. Vak'alar etkilenen taraf veya damar lokalizasyonuna göre incelendiğinde, depresyon varlığı açısından anlamlı farklılık olmadığı gözlendi. Barthel skorları karşılaştırıldığında ise depresyonu olan hastalarda depresyonu olmayanlara göre Barthel skorları daha düşük saptandı, ancak aradaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmadı. Kas gücü kaybı ve derecesi, duyusal etkilenme, ataksi ve üriner enkontinans mevcudiyeti açısından depresyonu olan ve olmayan hastalar arasında anlamlı farklılık gözlenmedi. Ancak, disfazi veya dizartri tarzında konuşma bozukluğu bulunan vak'aların istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde daha fazla depresyon tanısı aldıkları saptandı (p=0.01).
Tartışma: inme sonrası depresyonun en fazla görüldüğü dönem ilk 6-24 aydır. Erken dönem inme sonrası depresyon sıklığı %62, ilk altı aydaki depresyon prevelansı ise %33.6 olarak bildirilmektedir. Bizim çalışmamızda, erken dönem inme hastalarında %22.7 oranında depresyon tespit edilmiştir. Erken yaşlarda özürlülüğü olan hastalarda daha yüksek depresyon oranı bildiren başka çalışmalar, ya da yaş ve cinsiyet ile inme sonrası depresyon arasında ilişki olmadığını öne süren çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Bizim çalışmamızda, kadın hastaların ve daha genç yaşta inme geçiren hastaların daha fazla depresyon tanısı aldıkları gözlenmiştir.
Depresyon derecesi ile fonksiyonel özürlülüğün ve kognitif yıkımın karşılaştırıldığı çalışmalarda anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu gösterilmiş olmasına karşın, Barthel indeksi skorları ve depresyon derecesi anlamlı ilişki tarafımızdan gösterilemedi. Ancak, disfazi/dizartrisi bulunan hastaların, istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde, daha fazla depresyon tanısı aldıkları gözlendi. Bâzı çalışmalarda inme sonrası gelişen fonksiyonel özürlülüğün yanı sıra, lezyon tarafı ve lezyon boyutu gibi etkenlerin de depresyon gelişiminde rol oynadığı öne sürülmektedir. Bizim araştırmamızda lezyon tarafı ile erken dönem depresyon gelişimi arasında fark anlamlı saptanmamıştır.
Sonuç: Çalışmamızda bulduğumuz inme sonrası depresyon oranı literatürde bildirilen oranlara göre daha düşük idi. Kadın hastalarda, gençlerde ve konuşmanın etkilendiği vak'alarda inme sonrası erken dönemde daha fazla oranda depresyon ortaya çıktığı saptandı.
Depression at Early Period Following Acute Cerebrovascular Diseases
Purpose: Medical complications after acute cerebrovascular diseases are important problems for patients, affecting their quality of life, thus representing a major public health problem. Depression coexisting with stroke has been shown to increase levels of functional disability and reduce the effectiveness of rehabilitation; therefore, the early diagnosis and treatment of depression are quite important for the course and prognosis of stroke. Although it is a common complication, poststroke depression is often unrecognized due to deficits of stroke such as impaired self reporting and cognition, poor insight and dysphasia.
Method: In this study, detailed clinical evaluation, and physical examinations of 97 patients out of all patients with acute cerebrovascular disease hospitalized in Neurology department of Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine for one [year] were taken into account, and the functional disability of patients were determined according to Barthel index scales. Neuropsychiatric evaluation and the diagnosis of depression were made by DSM IV TR criteria and the severity of the depression was deter¬mined by the Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale.
Findings: Depression was present in 22 patients (22.7%). When depression rating scores were compared with the patients' ages, a statistically significant negative correlation was found (p<0.05, t=-55.05). Of 22 patients with the diagnosis of depression, 14 patients (63.6%) were females (p<0.05). 47 of acute cerebrovascular events (48.5%) were located in the right hemisphere, while 50 of them (51.5%) were located in the left hemisphere. When affected side or vascular territory was evaluated according to the presence of depression, no significant difference was observed. Barthel sco¬res were found lower in patients with depression when compared with those without depression, but the difference in between failed to show significance. The presence and the level of muscle strength, sensorial involvement, ataxia and incontinence did not show statistical difference between patients with and without depression. However, patients with dysphasia/dysarthria have been diagnosed as having depression statistically more than those with unaffected speech (p=0.01). Discussion: Depression is most commonly seen 6-24 [month]s after stroke. The incidence and the prevalence of depression following acute cerebrovascular diseases at early period has been reported as 62%, and 33.6%, respectively. In our study, depression has been found in 22.7% of patients with acute stroke. There are a number of studies reporting depression rates being higher in young patients, or some indicating no difference in age and/or sex of the patients. In the present study, it has been found that women patients and young patients had the diagnosis of depression more commonly. Although a statistically significant difference has been reported between the severity of depression and functional / cognitive loss, such a relation between Barthel index scores and the severity of depression could not be shown by this study. On the other hand, patients having dysphasia/dysarthria had a significantly more diagnosis of depression. In some studies, the side and the extent of the lesions have also been proposed to have a role in addition to the functional deficits. In our investigation, the side of the lesion failed to show a significant difference in the appearance of depression.
Conclusion: In our study, the ratio of poststroke depression was found to be less than the previous reports in the literature. It was detected that depression following stroke at early period was more common in women, young patients, and in patients with the involvement of speech.

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