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Yıl:2006; Cilt: 17; Sayı: 1>> Özet
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Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2006;17(1):55-64
Şizofreni ve Sigara İçimi: Biyolojik Bağlantı Nerede?
Ö Üneri, Ü Tural, NÇ Memik
Kocaeli Ü Tıp Fak. Psikiyatri AD., Kocaeli
Amaç: Ruhsal hastalığı olan bireylerde genel toplum ortalamalarına göre daha fazla oranda sigara kullanımı bulunmaktadır. Özellikle şizofreni hastalığı olan bireylerde sigara kullanma sıklığı batı ülkelerinde genel populasyondakinin 2-3 katıdır. Bu yazıda, şizofreni ve sigara kullanımı arasında var olan yüksek orandaki birlikteliğin olası biyolojik nedenleri ve nikotin ile şizofrenide gözlenen nörobiyolojik düzensizlikler arasındaki etkileşimin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntem: Pubmed, Türk Medline ve Türk Psikiyatri Dizini arama motorlarında “nikotin, şizofreni, sigara” anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak saptanan, şizofreni hastalarında sigara içiminin olası biyolojik nedenlerini ve nikotinin fizyolojik etkilerini araştıran yazılar gözden geçirilmiştir.

Bulgular: Hayvanlar ve insanlar üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar nikotinin merkezi sinir sisteminde doğrudan dopaminerjik iletimi artırdığını, bilişsel performansı güçlendirdiği ve şizofreni hastalarında görülen duyusal perdeleme bozukluklarını düzelttiğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte sigara içimi çoğu antipsikotiğin metabolizmasının hızlanmasına neden olarak antipsikotik ilaç etkinliğini azaltmaktadır.

Sonuç: Yapılan araştırmalar, nikotinin fizyolojik etkileri ve şizofrenide var olan biyolojik düzensizlikler arasında bir bağlantı olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Kolinerjik sistemdeki düzensizlikler şizofreni belirtilerinin bir kısmı için sorumlu olabilir. Sigaranın sağlığa zararlı etkileri, olumlu kabul edilebilecek herhangi bir etkisine açıkça baskın olsa da ileri araştırmalar şizofreninin nörobiyolojisini moleküler düzeyde anlamamızda yardımcı olabilir.

Smoking and Schizophrenia: Where is the Biological Connection?
Objective: Patients with psychiatric disorders have a higher incidence of smoking than the general population. In particular, the rate of smoking among patients with schizophrenia has been found to be between two and three times in the general population in western countries. This paper reviews the biological factors that might be contributing to the high rate of smoking among patients with schizophrenia and examines the interaction between nicotine and neurobiological disturbances observed in schizophrenia.

Method: Papers assessing the possible biological causes of smoking in patients with schizophrenia and the physiological effects of nicotine were reviewed by using the key words “nicotine, schizophrenia, smoking and cigarette” in Pubmed, Turk Medline, and the Turkish Psychiatric Index.

Results: Studies conducted in humans and animals show that nicotine can directly increase dopaminergic transmission in the central nervous system, enhance cognitive performance and improve sensory gating deficits observed in patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, smoking diminishes the efficacy of most antipsychotic drugs via an increased hepatic metabolism.

Conclusion: Studies suggest a link between the physiological effects of nicotine and the neurobiological disturbances in schizophrenia. Disturbances in the cholinergic transmission may be responsible for some symptoms of schizophrenia. The harmful effects of smoking vastly outweigh any possible benefits, but, nevertheless, further investigation may lead to important insights regarding the etiology of schizophrenia at a molecular level.

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