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Yıl:2022; Cilt: 10; Sayı: 24>> Özet
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Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi; 2022;10(24):248-262
Dış Grup Tarafgirliği Olarak Kavramsallaştırılan Olguyu Sosyal Kimlik Kuramı Perspektifinden Açıklamak
N Akdoğan
Dicle Üniversitesi, Diyarbakır
Güç ve statü farklılıklarının söz konusu olduğu belirli bazı durumlarda düşük statülü (dezavantajlı/azınlık) grupların üyelerinin yüksek statülü gruplara yönelik olumlu bir tutum sergilediğine ilişkin çeşitli bulgular mevcuttur. Sistemi Meşrulaştırma Kuramcıları bu bulguların dış grup tarafgirliği olgusunu yansıttığını iddia etmekte ve Sosyal Kimlik Kuramını (SKK), bu olguya tatmin edici bir açıklama sağlayamadığı yönünde eleştirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, toplumsal yapı içerisinde düşük statüde bulunan grupların üyelerinin yüksek statülü gruplara yönelik olumlu tutumuna ilişkin SKK bağlamında üretilen kuramsal açıklamaları ve araştırma bulgularını derlemek ve SKK’nın önerdiği grubu olumlama motivasyonu temelinde tartışmaktır. Yapılan literatür incelemesinde, SKK’nın düşük statülü grupların söz konusu eğilimine ilişkin getirdiği dört kuramsal açıklamaya ve bu açıklamaları destekleyen çeşitli bulgulara ulaşılmıştır. Bu açıklamalardan ikisi, yüksek statülü grubu olumlu değerlendirenlerin ya bireysel hareketlilik stratejisine başvuran ve kendini bu grup üzerinden tanımlayanlar ya da yüksek statülü grubu kendi grupları ile ortak bir üst kimlik altında birleşmeyi içeren üst yeniden sınıflandırma stratejisini izleyenler olabileceğine ilişkindir. Diğer bir açıklama, statüyü belirleyen bo yutta dış grubun gücünü/yetkinliğini kabul eden üyelerin dış gruba karşı daha olumlu bir kimlik algısını oluşturmak için kendi grubunun başarılı olduğu alternatif boyutları öne çıkarıp bu boyutlara daha fazla değer verenler olduğu yönündedir. Dördüncü açıklama ise, bu eğilimin sosyal gerçekliği pasif bir şekilde kabul etmenin bir tezahürü olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Her dört açıklamayı da destekleyen bulgulara ulaşılmıştır. Söz konusu açıklama ve bulgulara göre, düşük statülü grupların bu eğilimi -mevcut sistemin devamlılığını sağlasa da- iç grup kimliğini savunma, koruma ve desteklemeye hizmet eden “kimliği olumlama” motivasyonu ile çelişmemektedir.
Explaining the Outgroup Favoritism Phenomenon from the Perspective of Social Identity Theory
There are various findings showing that low social status (disadvantaged/minority) groups display a positive attitude towards high-status groups in certain situations where power and status differences are involved. System Justification Theorists claim that these findings reflect the phenomenon of out-group favoritism, and criticize Social Identity Theory (SIT) for failing to satisfactorily explain this phenomenon. The main purpose of this literature review is to compile the theoretical explanations and research findings produced in the context of SIT regarding the positive attitude of the low-status groups towards the high-status groups and to discuss them based on the motivation to maintain a positive social identity. In the literature review, four theoretical explanations and various findings supporting these explanations were reached. Two of these explanations are that those who positively evaluate the high-status group may either be those who follow the individual mobility strategy and define themselves based on the high-status group, or those who follow the superordinate re-categorization strategy, which includes uniting the high-status group with their group under a common in-group identity. Another explanation is that the members who accept the power/competence of the out-group in the dimension determining the status are those who put forward the alternative dimensions in which their group is more successful and who give more value to these dimensions in order to create a more positive identity perception compared to the outgroup. The fourth explanation points out that this tendency reflects a passive acceptance of social reality regarding the status system. There are findings in the literature supporting all four explanations. The explanations and findings point out that this tendency of low-status groups -even though it ensures the continuity of the existing system- does not conflict with the motivation of defending, protecting, and supporting ingroup identity.

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