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Yıl:2022; Cilt: 14; Sayı: 1>> Özet
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Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar; 2022;14(1):98-112
Huntington Hastalığı’nın Nöropsikiyatrik Yönü
ÖD Balaban, EC Atbaşoğlu
Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, istanbul
Huntington Hastalığı; kore ve distoni, koordinasyon bozukluğu, bilişsel performansta bozulmalar ve davranışsal sorunlar gibi farklı fenotipler ile ortaya çıkabilen, genetik olarak otozomal dominant geçiş özelliğine sahip, ilerleyici tipte bir nörodejeneratif hastalıktır. Bilişsel ve motor belirtilerin yanı sıra nöropsikiyatrik belirtiler de hastalığın çekirdek belirtileri arasında yer almaktadır. Huntington Hastalığı’nda nöropsikiyatrik belirtiler oldukça sık görülmekte ve hastalığın farklı dönemlerinde psikiyatrik bozuklukların görülme prevelansı %33-76 olarak tahmin edilmektedir. Nöropsikiyatrik belirtilerin görülme sıklığı hastalığın evrelerine göre farklılık gösterse de başlangıcının motor belirtiler başlamadan yıllar önce olabileceği de bilinmektedir. Huntington Hastalığı’nda sık görülen nöropsikiyatrik belirti ve bozukluklar depresyon, anksiyete, intihar, irritabilite, apati, obsesif-kompulsif belirtiler, perseverasyonlar, psikoz, uyku bozuklukları ve cinsel işlev bozuklukları olarak sayılabilir. Nöropsikiyatrik belirtiler aileler üzerindeki yükün en önemli nedenlerinden birini oluşturmakta, günlük işlevsellikteki azalma ile bakım kurumlarına yerleştirilme ve hastaneye yatışların en önemli öngörücüsü olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Hem sıklığı hem de sonuçları göz önüne alındığında Huntington Hastalığı’ndaki nöropsikiyatrik belirtilerin tanınması ve bu belirtilere müdahale edilmesi hastalar, hasta yakınları ve bakımverenleri için oldukça önemlidir. Hastalıkta görülen nöropsikiyatrik belirtilerin tedavisi ile ilgili yüksek kanıt düzeyine sahip araştırmalar olmasa da daha düşük kanıt düzeyine sahip çalışmalar, vaka bildirimleri ve uzman görüşlerine dayalı tedavi kılavuzları son yıllarda yazında kendine yer bulmuştur. Bu alanda dikkat edilmesi gereken başka bir konu da risk altındaki bireylerin değerlendirilmesi, genetik danışmanlık ve bu değerlendirmeler sırasında güvenli bir protokolün oluşturulmasıdır. Bu yazıda Huntington Hastalığı’nda sık görülen nöropsikiyatrik bozukluklar, bu bozuklukların tedavisi ve risk altındaki bireyleri değerlendirmede dikkat edilmesi gereken durumlar güncel yazın ışığında derlenmiştir.
Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Huntington’s Disease
Huntington’s Disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion with distinct phenotypes as chorea and dystonia, incoordination, cognitive disorders, and behavioural problems. In addition to cognitive and motor symptoms, neuropsychiatric symptoms are among the core symptoms of the disease. Neuropsychiatric symptoms are quite common in Huntington’s Disease and the prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders in different stages of the disease is estimated to be 33-76%. Although the prevelance of neuropsychiatric symptoms varies among the stages of the disease, it is also known that the onset of these symptoms may be years before the onset of motor symptoms. Common neuropsychiatric symptoms and disorders in Huntington’s Disease include depression, anxiety, suicide, irritability, apathy, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, perseverations, psychosis, sleep disorders, and sexual dysfunctions. Neuropsychiatric symptoms constitute one of the most important factors for the burden on families, and are considered to be the most important predictors of decrease in daily functionality and institutionalizations in care centers and hospitalizations. Considering both its frequency and outcomes, it is very important for patients, their relatives and caregivers to recognize and intervene in neuropsychiatric symptoms of Huntington’s Disease. Although there are no studies with a high level of evidence on the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of the disease, studies with lower levels of evidence, case reports and treatment guidelines based on expert opinions are found in the literature in recent years. Another issue to be considered in this area is the evaluation of individuals at genetic risk, genetic counseling and setting a safe protocol during these evaluations. In this article, neuropsychiatric disorders common in Huntington’s Disease, the management of these disorders and the conditions to be considered in the evaluation of individuals at genetic risk are reviewed in the light of current literature.

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