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Yıl:2021; Cilt: 24; Sayı: 48>> Özet
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Türk Psikoloji Yazıları; 2021;24(48):32-52
İki Dillilik ve Görev Değiştirme Becerileri:Deneysel Desen Araştırmaların İhtiyacı
İ Seçer
Koç Üniversitesi, İstanbul
Birçok araştırma iki dilliliğin geçiş görev becerilerini olumlu etkilediğini göstermektedir. Özellikle, iki dil arasındaki geçiş yapma miktarı ile geçiş görev becerilerinin birbirleriyle ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Fakat tüm araştırmalar aynı kanıda olmamakla birlikte bazı araştırmalar gruplar arası farklılıkları iki dilden ziyade kontrol edilmeyen faktörlere, örneğin sosyoekonomik düzeye veya katılımcı sayısının yetersizliğine yormuştur. Günümüzde bu alandaki araştırmaların çoğunluğu yarı deneysel desen ve korelasyon yöntemini kullanmıştır. Fakat bu yöntemlerle daha gelişmiş merkezi yönetici işlemleri olan bireyler mi ikinci bir dil edinmektedir, yoksa bu bireyler ikinci bir dil öğrendiği için mi geçiş görev becerileri gelişmektedir belirlemek imkânsızdır. Bundan dolayı büyük çocuklar, genç ve ileri yaşlı yetişkin örneklemlerini içeren deneysel desen araştırmalarına ihtiyaç vardır. Bu desene göre tek dilli katılımcılar, geçiş görev becerilerinin ölçülmesinin ardından seçkisiz bir şekilde deney veya kontrol grubuna atanır ve sadece deney grubundaki bireyler ikinci bir dil öğrenir. Ardından her iki grubun geçiş görev becerileri tekrardan ölçülerek, dil edinmenin etkileri incelenir. Dolayısıyla bu yazının amacı iki dillilik ile geçiş görev becerilerine ait mevcut literatür bulgularını gözden geçirip gelecek araştırmalar için yöntemsel önerilerde bulunmaktır. Bu alandaki araştırmaların iyileşebilmesi için dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar ise şöyledir: ön-test ve son-testin olması, gruplara rastgele atama yapılması, aktif kontrol gruplarının olması. Aynı zamanda katılımcıların iki dillilik ile geçiş görev becerileri arasındaki ilişkiyle ilgili herhangi bir bilgisinin olup olmadığının öğrenilmesi ve geçiş görevlerinde başarılı olabilmeleri için olan motivasyonlarının ölçülmesi önemlidir.
Bilingualism and Task Switching:The Need for Experimental Designs
The extant literature illustrates the positive effect of bilingualism on task switching abilities. In particular, frequency of language switching and task switching abilities have been shown to be positively correlated. However, not all studies find a beneficial effect of bilingualism on cognition indicating that rather than bilingualism per se other factors such as uncontrolled confounding factors such as socio-economic status and small sample sizes drive any group differences. To date, the majority of the research conducted in this area have employed quasi-experimental designs and correlational methods, which do not determine the effect of bilingualism on cognition. That is, it is unclear whether bilinguals have improved cognition because they speak two languages or whether people with better cognition become bilingual. For such reasons, there is a need for experimental designs that examine bilingualism and task switching abilities in older children, younger adults and older adults. This design entails a pre-test of task switching abilities of monolingual individuals in which thereafter they are randomly allocated to an experimental and control group. Only participants in the experimental group continue to learn a second language and then all participants are tested for their task switching abilities once again. The aim of the current paper is to provide an overview of the current literature related to bilingualism and task switching and suggest methodological future directions. Methodological improvements for future studies include the use of a pre and posttest design, random allocation of participants to groups, inclusion of active control groups, and the assessment of participants’ prior knowledge of the relation between bilingualism and task switching abilities and their level of motivation to do well on switching tasks.

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