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Yıl:2021; Cilt: 9; Sayı: 22>> Özet
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Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi; 2021;9(22):968-988
Psikolojik Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Dijital Fenotipleme Kullanımı: Fırsatlar, Etik ve Yasal Sorunlar
M Gültekin
Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Afyon
Akıllı telefonların, mobil cihazların, giyilebilir teknolojinin yaygınlaşması ve çevrimiçi geçirilen sürenin artması kullanıcılardan kesintisiz veri toplamayı mümkün hale getirmiştir. Dijital platformlardaki etkileşimin artışı sağlık, ekonomi, eğlence gibi farklı sektörleri, kullanıcıların bıraktığı dijital izlerden faydalanmaya yöneltmiştir. Yapay zeka teknikleriyle işlenen dijital izlerden kullanıcıların duygu durumlarına, alışkanlıklarına, kişilik özelliklerine ilişkin çıkarım ve öngörüde bulunulabilmektedir. Dijital verilerin bu bağlamda kullanımı psikolojik sağlık hizmetlerine de yeni fırsatlar sunmakta; bu yöntemle psikolojik bozukluğun seyrine ilişkin anlık veriler alınabileceği, özbildirime dayalı değerlendirme teknikleriyle elde edilemeyen verilere ulaşmayı sağlayarak bozukluğun daha incelikli ve bütüncül bir tablosunun oluşturulabileceği ifade edilmektedir. Dijital fenotipleme olarak anılan bu yeni yaklaşımın psikolojik ölçmede objektiflik sorununu iyileştirmeye katkı sunarak tanı koymada nesnelliği arttırabileceği belirtilmektedir. Bunun yanında bozuklukların tekrarlama riskini belirlemeye, psikometrik tahminlerde bulunmaya olanak sağlayacağını gösteren araştırmalar yayınlanmaktadır. İlk kez 2015 yılında Jain ve arkadaşları tarafından gündeme getirilmesinden bu yana yapılan araştırmalar, dijital fenotiplemenin psikolojik sağlık hizmetlerinde kullanımının umut verici olduğunu bildirmektedir. Bu yöntem kullanılarak, depresyon, anksiyete, şizofreni gibi bozuklukların erken dönemde saptanabileceği ve takibinin yapılabileceği belirtilmektedir. Bununla birlikte dijital fenotiplemenin kullanımına ilişkin mahremiyet, özerklik, veri güvenliği, veri gizliliği gibi etik kaygılar da gündeme gelmektedir. Bu yazıda dijital fenotipleme yöntemi hakkında bilgi verilmekte, dijital fenotiplemenin psikolojik sağlık hizmetlerinde kullanımına ilişkin fırsatlar, etik ve yasal sorunlar tartışılmakta, gelecek araştırmalara yönelik öneriler getirilmektedir.
The Use of Digital Phenotyping in Mental Health Services: Opportunities, Ethical and Legal Issues
The widespread use of smartphones, mobile devices, wearable technology, and the increase in time online has provided the opportunity to collect data about users continuously. Several sectors such as health, economy, and entertainment have benefitted from the digital traces left by users due to the tight interactions on digital platforms. Today, it is likely to determine and predict users' moods, behavioral patterns, habits, and personality traits with the use of digital traces that are processed using artificial intelligence techniques. Such use of digital data offers new opportunities for mental health services. Today with this method, it is possible to obtain simultaneous data on the course of the psychological disorder and create a complete and more holistic picture of the disorder by accessing data that can not be obtained from self-report assessment techniques. This new approach, which is called digital phenotyping, can improve the objectivity in diagnosis. Studies have proven digital phenotyping’s potential to determine disorders' recurrence risk and make psychometric predictions. The studies have indicated the promising future of digital phenotyping in mental health services since the initial discussions by Jain et al. in 2015. It is reported that digital phenotyping can be used to diagnose and follow certain mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia at an early stage. However, ethical concerns such as privacy, autonomy, data security, and data confidentiality are among the critical issues surrounding the use of digital phenotyping. This paper includes essential information about the digital phenotyping method, discussions about the practical, legal and ethical concerns regarding the use of digital phenotyping in mental health services, and suggestions for future research.

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