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Yıl:2021; Cilt: 41; Sayı: 2>> Özet
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Psikoloji Çalışmaları; 2021;41(2):615-644
“Benliğin Evi” Olarak Beden: Yeme Sorunlarının Öznel Deneyiminin İncelenmesi
M Develioğlu, S Kahraman
Beykent Üniversitesi, İstanbul
Yeme sorunları, yeme tutum ve davranışlarındaki sorunlarla ilişkili olarak ortaya çıkan ancak yalnızca bu bağlamla sınırlı kalmayan bir durumdur. Yeme sorunları; fiziksel, duygusal ve psikososyal açıdan önemli sorunlara yol açarak, beden ve zihni eş zamanlı etkileyen kişisel bütünlük halinin sarsılması durumudur. Yeme bozuklukları üzerine pek çok çalışma yapılmış olsa da bunların arasında klinik pratiklerde önemli olan benlik ve beden kavramlarının ilişkisine yönelik oldukça az sayıda çalışma yer almaktadır. Alan yazın, özellikle olumsuz benlik algısının ve beden memnuniyetsizliğinin yeme bozuklukları psikopatolojisinde ve semptomatolojisinde önemli olduğuna dair ikna edici pek çok sonuç ortaya koymuştur. Bununla birlikte, yeme sorunları yaşayan kişilerin benlik ve bedenlerini nasıl deneyimledikleri çalışmalar kapsamında derinlemesine incelenmemiş ve konu ile ilgili oldukça az sayıda nitel araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, mevcut çalışmada yeme sorunları yaşayan kişilerin beden-benlik deneyimlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda nitel bir yöntem kullanılarak yeme sorunları yaşayan kişilerin kişisel ve ilişkisel varoluş biçimlerine dair derinlemesine bir anlayış kazanmak hedeflenmiştir. Bu bağlamda yeme bozukluğu tanısı almamış ancak kısıtlayıcı yeme örüntüsü gösteren 21-29 yaş aralığındaki yedi kadın katılımcı ile derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Görüşmelerin analizi yorumlayıcı fenomenolojik analiz ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan analiz sonucunda, bir üst düzey tema (ontolojik güvensizlik), iki ana tema (benlik/beden ile beden/benlik) ve sekiz alt tema (yutulma kaygısı, bireysellik ihtiyacı, taşlaşma, öz-farkındalık, yalıtım, beden mülkiyeti, taşlaştırma, dismorfik utanç) belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak benlik ve beden deneyiminin birbirinden tamamen ayrı ve kopuk olmadığı, benlik ifadelerinin bir karşılığının bedensel varoluş biçimlerinde görülebildiği ortaya konulmuştur. Tüm veriler birlikte değerlendirildiğinde yeme sorunlarının katılımcıların hayatlarında hem bir zorluk hem de bir çözüm alanı olarak ikili bir rolü olduğu söylenebilir. Bu durum, aynı zamanda katılımcıların kişisel varoluş yollarına da işaret eder gibi görünmektedir. Nitekim, katılımcıların benlik ifadelerinin bedenlerinde somutlaştığı bulgusu özellikle önemlidir.
Body as the “Locus of Self”: The Subjective Experience of Eating Problems
Eating problems arise in relation to problems with eating attitudes and behaviors but is not limited to these contexts. Moreover, eating problems develop when one’s personal integrity is shaken, simultaneously affecting the body and mind by causing significant physical, emotional, and psychosocial problems. A large number of studies related to eating disorders have been conducted; however, only a few elucidate the relationship between self and body concepts, which are important in clinical practice. The literature has shown many convincing results proving that negative self-perception and body dissatisfaction are particularly important in the psychopathology and symptomatology of eating disorders. However, the manner in how people with eating problems experience their self and their body has not been deeply examined within the scope of these studies, and only a small number of qualitative studies have been conducted on the subject. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the body–self experiences of people with eating problems. For this purpose, the researchers used the qualitative method to gain better understanding of personal and relational patterns of existence of people with eating problems. In-depth interviews were conducted with seven female participants between the ages of 21–29. The participants had not been diagnosed with eating disorders but had restrictive eating behaviors. The researchers used interpretative phenomenological analysis to evaluate the transcripts of the interviews. The results revealed a superordinate theme (ontological insecurity), two main themes (self/body-expressions and body/ self-expressions), and eight subthemes (swallowing anxiety, individuality need, petrification, self-awareness, isolation, body ownership, grinding, and dysmorphic shame). Taken together, one may suppose that eating problems play a dual role in the participants’ lives, that is, as a challenge and as a solution. This situation appears to point to the personal ways of existence of the participants. Therefore, the finding that the participants’ self-expressions manifest in their bodies is of particular importance

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