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Yıl:2021; Cilt: 28; Sayı: 2>> Özet
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Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi; 2021;28(2):79-88
Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu ve Madde Kullanım Bozukluğu Eş Tanısı Olan Ergenlerin Taranması, Tanısı ve Tedavisi için Uluslararası Fikir Birliği Beyanı
MH Özgen, GÜ Bolat, R Spijkerman, W Brink, V Hendriks, ES Ercan, Nİ Emiroğlu
Parnassia Bağımlılık Araştırma Merkezi,Hollanda
Çocukluk çağı dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB) ergenlik ve (erken) yetişkinlikte madde kötüye kullanımı ve madde kullanım bozukluğu (MKB) için bir risk faktörüdür. Ayrıca, DEHB ve MKB tedavi arayan ergenlerde sıklıkla birlikte görülmektedir, bu durum tanı ve tedaviyi karmaşıklaştırır ve azalmış tedavi yanıtları ile ilişkilidir. Çocukluk çağı DEHB tedavisinin ergenlik dönemindeki MKB’nin önlenmesindeki etkisine yönelik araştırmalar sonuca ulaşmamaktadır ve DEHB ve MKB eş tanılı ergenlerin tanı ve tedavisine yönelik çalışmalar çok azdır. Bu nedenle, mevcut kanıtlar genel olarak güçlü tedavi önerileri sunmak için yeterli değildir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bilimsel veriler ve klinik deneyimin bir birleşimine dayalı bir fikir birliği beyanı elde etmektir. Bilimsel veriler ve klinik deneyimin birleşimine dayanan bir fikir birliğine varmak için 17 ülkeden 55 uzmandan oluşan multi-disipliner bir grupla modifiye edilmiş bir Delphi çalışması yürütülmüştür. Uzmanlardan, çocukluk çağı DEHB tedavisinin ergenlik dönemindeki MKB üzerindeki etkisine ve DEHB ve MKB eş tanısı olan ergenlerin tarama, tanı ve tedavisine ilişkin bir dizi ifadeyi derecelendirmeleri istenmiştir. Üç yinelemeli derecelendirme turundan ve 37 ifadeyi uyarladıktan sonra, 6 alanı temsil eden bu ifadelerin 36’sı üzerinde fikir birliğine varılmıştır; genel (n=4), MKB geliştirme riski (n=3), tarama ve tanı (n=7), psikososyal tedavi (n=5), farmakolojik tedavi (n=11) ve tamamlayıcı tedaviler (n=7). Madde bağımlılığı tedavisi gören ergen hastalarda DEHB için ve ruh sağlığı kliniklerinde DEHB nedeniyle takipte olan ergen hastalarda MKB için rutin tarama önerilmektedir. DEHB ve MKB eş tanısı olan ergenlerde DEHB’nin birinci basamak tedavisi olarak uzun etkili stimülanlar önerilmektedir ve farmakoterapi tercihen psikososyal tedaviye dahil edilmelidir. Geriye kalan tek fikir birliği olmayan ifade, DEHB ve MKB eş tanısı olan ergenlerde farmakolojik tedaviye başlamadan önce maddeden yoksun kalma gerekliliğiyle ilgilidir. Çoğunluğun aksine, bazı uzmanlar herhangi bir farmakolojik tedaviye başlamadan önce tamamen yoksun kalmayı gerekli bulurken, bazıları bu hastaların tedavisinde stimülanların kullanımına karşıdır (yoksunluktan bağımsız olarak), bazıları ise alternatif olarak bupropion kullanımına karşı görüş bildirmiştir. Bu uluslararası fikir birliği beyanı, DEHB ve MKB eş tanısı olan ergen hastalarda en iyi müdahaleleri seçmek ve optimal sonuçlara ulaşmak için klinisyenler ve hastalar tarafından ortak bir karar alma sürecinde kullanılabilir.
International Consensus Statement for the Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Adolescents with Concurrent Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Use Disorder
Childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a risk factor for substance misuse and substance use disorder (SUD) in adolescence and (early) adulthood. ADHD and SUD also frequently co-occur in treatment-seeking adolescents, which complicates diagnosis and treatment and is associated with poor treatment outcomes. Research on the effect of treatment of childhood ADHD on the prevention of adolescentSUD is inconclusive, and studies on the diagnosis and treatment of adolescents with ADHD and SUD are scarce. Thus, the available evidence is generally not sufficient to justify robust treatment recommendations. The aim of the study was to obtain a consensus statement based on a combination of scientific data and clinical experience. To reach a consensus based on the combination of scientific data and clinical experience, a modified Delphi study was conducted with a multidisciplinary group of 55 experts from 17 countries. The experts were asked to rate a set of statements on the effect of treatment of childhood ADHD on adolescent SUD and on the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of adolescents with comorbid ADHD and SUD. After 3 iterative rounds of rating and adapting 37 statements, consensus was reached on 36 of these statements representing 6 domains: general (n=4), risk of developing SUD (n=3), screening and diagnosis (n=7), psychosocial treatment (n=5), pharmacological treatment (n=11), and complementary treatments (n=7). Routine screening is recommended for ADHD in adolescent patients in substance abuse treatment and for SUD in adolescent patients with ADHD in mental healthcare settings. Long-acting stimülants are recommended as the first-line treatment of ADHD in adolescents with concurrent ADHD and SUD, and pharmacotherapy should preferably be embedded in psychosocial treatment. The only remaining noconsensus statement concerned the requirement of abstinence before starting pharmacological treatment in adolescents with ADHD and concurrent SUD. In contrast to the majority, some experts required full abstinence before starting any pharmacological treatment, some were against the use of stimülants in the treatment of these patients (independent of abstinence), while some were against the alternative use of bupropion. This international consensus statement can be used by clinicians and patients together in a shared decision-making process to select the best interventions and to reach optimal outcomes in adolescent patients with concurrent ADHD and SUD.

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