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Yıl:2021; Cilt: 9; Sayı: 20>> Özet
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Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi; 2021;9(20):354-378
Geştalt Kuramı’nın Problem Çözme Üzerine Çalışmaları veGünümüzün Geştaltı
E Mungan
Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul
Bu makalede Geştalt Kuramı’nın “üretken düşünme” diye ifade ettiği problem çözme alanındaki çığır açan iki ana çalışmasına yer verilecektir. Bunlardan biri, Köhler’in, şempanzelerin hedefli araç kullanımını ve engellerle ne şekilde başa çıktıklarını incelediği çalışmalar, diğeri ise Duncker’ın sesli düşünme tekniğini kullanarak yürüttüğü problem çözme çalışmalarıdır. Hem Köhler’de hem Duncker’da üretken düşünme, yeniden şekillendirme davranışıyla ilişkilendirilir. Örneğin, bir ağacın uzun, ince bir dalının oradan koparılarak bir sopaya dönüştürülebilmesi veya içinde farklı nesnelerin konduğu bir kibrit kutusunun içinin boşaltılarak muhafaza eden bir nesneden, bir mum için zemin olacak bir nesneye dönüştürülmesi işlevlendirilmesi bu tarz bir yeniden şekillendirmedir. Son bölümde ise günümüz çalışmaların Geştalt Kuramı ile olası ilişkisine değinilecektir. Sonuç olarak, aynen bellekte olduğu gibi üretken düşünmede de Geştalt Kuramı’nın iki ana önermesi, şekil-zemin ayrışması ve şekillerde gruplamanın çok kritik rol oynadığı görülecektir. Böylelikle iki temel önerme yoluyla, hem algı, hem bellek, hem düşünme işleyişini açıklamayı hedefleyen ve ilginç açılımlar getiren bir kuram söz konusudur. Bildiğimiz kadarıyla böylesi geniş açıklayıcı gücü olan herhangi bir kuram henüz bilişsel psikolojinin içinde mevcut değil. Bu da, Geştalt Kuramı’nı bir bütün olarak dikkate almak için önemli bir neden daha sayılır.
Gestalt Research on Problem Solving and Today’s Gestalt
This article will focus on two pioneering scientific work on problem solving, or per Gestalt Theory, “productive thinking”. One of them is Köhler’s research on goal-directed tool use and overcoming obstacles in chimpanzees, the other one is Duncker’s studies on problem solving using a “think aloud” technique. In both Köhler’s and Duncker’s work, productive thinking is linked to a restructuring behavior. For example, tearing off a thin and long branch from a tree to serve as a stick or removing the various objects in a matchbox to transform it from a container to a platform on which to mount a candle are examples of such restructuring. In the final section, I will look at how today’s research trends might and should connect to Gestalt Theory. In conclusion, just as in memory, the two main proposals of Gestalt Theory, i.e., figure-ground separation and grouping in figures play a critical role also in thinking. Thus, Gestalt Theory seems to be able to come up with a common way of understanding perception, memory, as well as thinking. To our knowledge there is no other single theory within cognitive psychology that has such broad an explanatory power. This in itself is one more reason why Gestalt Theory in large deserves crucial attention.

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