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Yıl:2021; Cilt: 4; Sayı: 7>> Özet
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Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi; 2021;4(7):36-48
Mandala ve Sanat Terapisine Tarihsel ve Klinik Bakı
İ Ergür , E Ergür, E Ergür
Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi, KKTC
Mandala kelimesi Sanskritçe’de “daire” veya “tamamlama” anlamına gelmektedir. Derin bir sembolizmi içinde barındıran geometrik bir tasarım olan mandalalar için farklı toplumlar, onların büyüleyici güzelliklerinden etkilenip türlü türlü anlamlar çıkarmışlardır. En temel anlamda mandala tek bir merkezi nokta etrafını çevreleyen bölümler halinde düzenlenmiş dairelerden oluşur. Fakat bu dairelerin içinin doldurulması ile ortaya çıkan sonuç, tamamen yaratıcısının bir yansıması olarak kabul edilir. Psikanalist Carl Jung ise mandalalar için “bilinçsiz benliğin temsili” tanımını yapmıştır. Danışanlarına mandala çizdiren ve çizilen mandalaları da yorumlayan Jung; mandalayla yaptığı doğu gezilerinden biri sırasında tanışmıştır. İlk mandalala’larını çizdiği sırayı kendi bilinçaltıyla yüzleşirken Jung, kişinin bireyselleşme sürecini de inceleme fırsatı bulmuştur. Mandalayı ruhun mikrokozmik doğasına karşılık geldiğini ifade etmiştir. Dolayısı ile, mandalanın psikoterapideki yeri de önemli ve incelemeye değerdir. Tarihsel anlamda mandalanın ortaya çıkışı hakkında kesin bir tarih veya bilgi olmamasına rağmen, büyük kitlelere yayılmasında doğu ve batıyı birbirine bağlayan İpek Yolu’nu dolaşan Budist rahiplerin büyük rol oynadığı bilinmektedir. Devamında Hinduizm ve diğer dini uygulamalarda da yerini alan mandala, günümüze kadar birçok farklı amaca hizmet etmiştir. Dıştan bakıldığında evrenin görsel bir temsilini sunan mandalalardan kişiler meditatif olması bakımından yararlanmışlardır. Günümüzde de sanat terapi alanında mandalalar efektif olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bütün yaş gruplarında mandalanın kullanımının mümkün olması, farklı hastalık ve bozuklukluların tedavi sürecine katkıda bulunmuş, dünya üzerinde de birçok araştırma ile etkinliği bilim dünyasına sunulmuştur. Çocuklarda mandalanın sanat terapisi olarak kullanılması sonucunda karar verme, verilen görevi tamamlama ve yaratıcılık anlamında gelişmeler; impulsif davranışlarda ise azalma olduğu görülmüştür. Yetişkinlerde ise mandala, hem psikiyatrik bozuklukların tedavisinde kullanılmış, hem de yapılan tedavilerin etkisini gözlemlemek için kullanılan bir araç olmuştur. Anksiyete bozuklukları ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu yaşayan bireylerde mandala çizimini içeren sanat terapisi, travma semptomlarının şiddetini kayda değer derecede azaltmıştır. Her ne kadar ülkemizde örneklerine sık rastlanmasa da, literatürde mandala çizimi ve yorumlanması üzerine oluşturulan test sistemlerinin kişilerin bilinç ve bilinçaltı durumlarının analizlerinde kullanıldığını kanıtlayan çalışmalar bulunmaktadır.
Historical and Clinical Overview of Mandala and Art Therapy
The word “Mandala” originates from Sanskrit, meaning “circle” or “completing”. As a design containing deep symbolism, different societies were influenced by the fascinating beauty of mandalas and imposed various meanings. In the most basic sense, mandala consists of circles arranged in segments which surround a single central point. However, the result created by filling the circles is considered as a reflection of its creator. Carl Gustav Jung, in his book of The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, defined mandalas as the “psychological expression of the totality of the self”. Jung met with mandala in one of his trips to the east, and later used mandalas by asking counselee’s to draw mandala’s and interpreting them. Jung, confronting his own subconscious while drawing his first mandalas, had the opportunity to examine the individualization process of the person. Finally, he stated that the mandala corresponds to the microcosmic nature of the soul. Therefore, the place of mandala in psychotherapy is also important and worth studying. Although there is no exact date or information about the emergence of the mandala in the historical sense, it is known that the Buddhist monks who traveled the Silk Road connecting the east and west played a great role in its spread to large crowds. Mandala, which later took its place in Hinduism and other religious practices, has served many different purposes until today. As a visual representation of the universe when looked from outside, people have benefitted from mandala in terms of being meditative. Today, mandalas are used effectively in the field of art therapy. The possibility of using mandala in all age groups has contributed to the treatment process of different diseases and disorders, and its effectiveness has been presented to the scientific world with many researches around the globe. As a result of using mandala as an art therapy in children; developments in decision making, task completion and creativity was seen - whereas decrease in impulsive behavior was observed. In adults, mandala has been used both in the treatment of psychiatric disorders and has been a tool used to observe the effects of the treatments. Art therapy which included drawing mandala, significantly reduced the severity of trauma symptoms in individuals with anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. Although implementation of mandala in art therapy is not common in our country, there are studies in the literature proving that test systems built on drawing and interpretation of mandalas are used in the analysis of people's conscious and subconscious states.

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