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Yıl:2020; Cilt: 23; Sayı: 45>> Özet
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Türk Psikoloji Yazıları; 2020;23(45):1-15
Tanıma Belleğinde Kriter Belirleme ve Tepki Yanlılığı Değişimlemeleri
CD Pala, A Kılıç
Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara
Tanıma belleği, geçmişte deneyimlenen uyaranları diğerlerinden ayırt etme becerisidir. Tipik bir tanıma belleği görevinde bir dizi uyaranın katılımcıya sunulduğu çalışma aşamasının ardından test aşamasında sorulan maddelerin çalışma listesinde bulunup bulunmadığının ayırt edilmesi beklenir. Sinyal belirleme kuramına (Macmillan ve Creelman, 2005) göre test maddeleri bellek izleriyle kıyaslanarak bir bellek gücü değeri elde edilir. Bu bellek gücü değeri öznel karar kriterini aşıyorsa madde tanınır. Test peformansını belirleyen iki etken ise eski ve yeni maddeleri ayırt edebilme düzeyi olan duyarlılık ve sorulan maddelere “evet” yanıtı verme yatkınlığını ifade eden tepki yanlılığıdır. Alanyazında karar kriterinin çeşitli yöntemlerle deneysel olarak değişimlendiği çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bu yöntemlerden biri olan temel oran değişimlemesinde test listesindeki eski madde oranı değişimlenir ve kişilerin bu oranlara göre kriterlerini değiştirmesi beklenir. Temel oran değişimlemesi genellikle tek başına kriter değişimini sağlamaya yeterli olmamakta, ancak temel oranlar konusunda ön bilgi verilmesi, geribildirim gibi yardımcı ipuçlarıyla kriter değişimi sağlanabilmektedir. Bir diğer yöntemde ise eski ya da yeni maddelerin bellek güçleri değişimlenerek kriter değişiminin sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu yöntemlerin yanı sıra ödeme matrisleri, olasılıksal ipuçları, yanlı geribildirim kullanımı gibi değişimlemelerle de kriter değişimi elde edilmektedir. Başlangıçtaki kriter konumunun ve kriter değiştirmeye olan yatkınlığın kişiler arasında farklılıklar gösterdiği, bununla birlikte kişilerin kriterlerinin deneyler arasında tutarlı olduğu bilinmektedir.
Criterion Setting in Recognition Memory and The Manipulations of Response Bias
Recognition memory is the ability to distinguish previously experienced stimuli from new ones. In a typical recognition memory task, a series of items are presented to the participant, followed by a test phase in which they are expected to distinguish whether the probe item is on the study list. According to signal detection theory (Macmillan & Creelman, 2005), a probe item constitutes a memory strength value by being compared to the memory traces. The item is recognized if its memory strength exceeds the subjective decision criterion. Sensitivity, which is the extent to discriminate between the old and the new items, and response bias, the tendency to say “yes” to a probe item, are the two factors determining the performance. There are studies in the literature in which the response criterion is manipulated by several methods. In one of these methods, the proportion of old items in the test list is manipulated, and respondents are expected to change their criteria accordingly, a method called base rate manipulation. The base rate manipulation alone is usually limited in causing criterion changes; however; presenting it together with some additional clues, such as prior information about the base rates or feedback can provide roboust criterion changes. In another method, the memory strength of the old or new items is manipulated to produce criterion shifts. Besides these methods, manipulations, such as payoff matrices, probabilistic cues or biased feedback resulted in a criterion shift. It is also reported that there are interpersonal differences in the initial criterion placement and the tendency to shift the criterion, but the criterion of the individuals is consistent across the experiments

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