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Yıl:2020; Cilt: 40; Sayı: 2>> Özet
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Psikoloji Çalışmaları; 2020;40(2):317-333
Freud ve Lacan’ın Psikanalitik Kuramlarında Yastan Ayrışan Melankolik Özne
Aözkan, S Baltacı
Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi, Zonguldak
Freud’un Yas ve Melankoli isimli yazısı ile ortaya çıkan iki kavramdan biri olarak yas (mourning) sıklıkla araştırmalara konu olmuşken melankoli (melancholia) kavramı pek çalışılmamıştır. Alan yazında bu konuya az değinilmesinin yanı sıra melankoli kimi zaman bir kişilik örüntüsü, kimi zaman depresif bir duygu durum, kimi zaman ise psikotik bir yapı olarak belirsiz bir tanımlamada kalmıştır. Buradan yola çıkılarak bu çalışmada Freud’un ve onun yazını üzerine yeniden çalışan Lacan’ın yas ve melankoli hakkındaki çalışmaları karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Buna göre, Freud yas ve melankoliyi yatırım yapılan nesnenin kaybı üzerinden benzeştirmekte iken; yasın kayba verilen olağan bir tepki, melankolinin ise olağandışı bir pozisyon olduğundan söz etmektedir. Freud’un yas ve melankolinin kayıp nesne açısından benzer ancak işleyiş süreçleri açısından farklılaştığı görüşünün üzerine Lacan bu iki kavramı Sembolik, İmgesel ve Gerçek‘i içeren üçlü model kapsamında ele almaktadır. Lacan’ın bu kavramsallaştırmasında yas bir süreç olarak ritüeller ya da merasimler aracılığıyla özneyi simgesel düzene bağlamaktadır. Bu simgeselleştirme sürecinden geç(e)meyen özne ise Gerçek ile baş başa kalarak jouissance içinde kalan bir melankoli halindedir. Bu yazıda, bahsedilen teorik incelemenin ardından bazı klinik uygulama ve araştırma örneklerine yer verilmiştir. Buradan yola çıkarak melankoli halinde kişinin kastrasyondan kaçışa doğru hamle olarak aldığı bir konumu sürdürürken acı içinde olduğu ve bu acıdan çıkmanın yolunun ise ancak simgesel bir çalışma ile mümkün olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bununla beraber, melankolinin farklı özne yapılanmalarındaki görünümlerinin günümüz değişen kültürel yapısı ile beraber çalışılması önemlidir. Sonuç olarak, melankolinin dil aracılığı ile nasıl ifade edildiğinin ve kişinin özne yapılanmasındaki temel defans mekanizması ile ilişkisinin analitik bir çalışma içinde merkezi noktayı belirlediği düşünülmektedir.
The Melancholic Subject Differentiated from Mourning in the Psychoanalytic Theories of Freud and Lacan
Mourning is one of the two concepts that emerged from Freud's article Mourning and Melancholia and is frequently subjected to research. However the concept of melancholia is studied less. Furthermore, melancholia remains in an ambiguous position: sometimes it is attributed to a person's personality pattern and sometimes to a depressive mood or even sometimes to a psychotic structure. From this point of view, in this article, the work of Freud and Lacan (who recontextualized Freud’s literature), on mourning and melancholia are examined comparatively. Accordingly, Freud expressed that mourning and melancholia are similar in the loss of a loved object and while mourning is an ordinary response to loss melancholia is an extraordinary position. Faced with Freud's view that mourning and melancholia are similar in terms of lost object, but differ in terms of their functioning, Lacan reconsidered these two concepts through the topological structure of Symbolic, Imaginary and Real. In Lacan's conceptualization, mourning as a process connects the subject to the symbolic order through rituals or ceremonies. The subject who does not/cannot pass beyond this process is stuck in jouissance staying alone with Real in melancholia. In this recent article, several clinical practice and research examples are included following the theoretical examination. Based on this, it is thought that in a state of melancholia, the person is in pain while maintaining a position that one takes as a move from castration to escape and that the way out of this pain is only possible with a symbolic study. However, it is important to study the appearance of melancholia in different subject formations together with today's changing cultural background. As a result, it is thought that how melancholia is expressed in language and its relationship with the defense mechanism related to subject formation of the individual determines the central point in an analytical study

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