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Yıl:2019; Cilt: 9; Sayı: 1>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2019;9(1):107-120
Madde ile ilişkili bozukluklar ve bağımlılık bozuklukları
BD Uluğ
Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara
Bağımlılık, son yirmi yıldır yapılmakta olan nörobilim çalışmalarından elde edilen bilgilere dayanılarak, bir beyin hastalığı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bağımlılığın nörobiyolojisi ile ilgili bilgiler, hem önleme ve tedavi uygulamalarının hem de bu alandaki sağlık politikalarının geliştirilmesi için kullanılmaktadır. Davranışsal nörobilimin, giderek daha ayrıntılı ve gelişmiş biçimde kurduğu hayvan modelleri, moleküler ve genetik araştırmalar ve beyin görüntüleme çalışmaları bağımlılığın oluş mekanizmalarını ve tedavi hedeflerini aydınlatmaktadır. Madde bağımlılığının gelişiminde çeşitli genetik, çevresel ve gelişimsel faktörler; aile öyküsü, erken yaşta madde kullanımı, yüksek risk taşıyan sosyal çevrelerde bulunma ve başka ruhsal hastalıkların varlığı gibi etkenler önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Madde kullanımı başladıktan sonra her birinde özgül nöral devrelerin rol oynadığı üç evre, bir döngü yaratmaktadır: 1. Yüksek miktarlarda kullanım ve madde etkisi (intoksikasyon) 2. Kesilme/yoksunluk durumu ve kendini kötü hissetme 3. Madde kullanımından olumlu beklentiler, istek ve her şeyden çok bununla ilgilenme. Nörobiyolojik döngü, önleme çalışmalarının, sosyal becerilerin güçlendirilmesine ve duygu-davranış düzenleme becerilerinin geliştirilmesine odaklanması gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Kanıta dayalı verilere göre, alkol-madde bağımlılıkları ve davranışsal bağımlılıklarda, ilaçlar, madde kullanımı ya da bağımlılık davranışını önleyerek, beynin iyileşmesini ve karar verme, duygusal düzenleme gibi işlevlerin yeniden kazanılmasını sağlamaktadır. Hayvan modellerinde davranış değişikliği yaratabilen moleküllerin insanlarda da etkili olabileceği düşüncesi, ilaç geliştirme çalışmalarının en önemli temeli olmaya devam etmektedir. Sigara (vareniklin, lorkaserin), alkol (naltrekson) ve opioid (buprenorfin, metadon) bağımlılığında kullanılan ilaçların tümünün etkinliği “kendi kendine madde alımı” düzeneği ile gösterilmiştir. Aynı yaklaşım, maddenin bir süre verilmediği ve ardından tetikleyicilerin etkilerinin izlendiği relaps modellerine de temel oluşturmaktadır.
Substance-related disorders and addiction disorders
Addiction is defined as a brain disease on the basis of the knowledge gained from the studies made on neurosciences in the last two decades. Information on the neurobiology of addiction is being used for the development of health policies in the field as well as for both prevention and treatment. Advances in behavioral neuroscience in the development of detailed animal models, molecular and genetic research and brain imaging have shed light on the mechanisms underlying addiction and the treatment targets. Significance of the roles of genetic, environmental and developmental factors; and of family history, substance use at early age, being in high risk social environments and the comorbidity of other psychiatric disorders are recognised. After initiation of substance use an addiction cycle developes with three stages with neural circuits specific to each: 1) High dose substance use (binge) and intoxication 2) Withdrawal and negative affect 3) Craving, anticipation and preoccupation. The neurobiological addiction cycle points to the importance of focusing on preventive work, strengthening of social skills and the skills for mood and behaviour regulation. According to evidence-based data, drugs prevent alcohol-substance addiction and behavioral addictions, enabling the recovery of the brain and regaining of decision making and emotion regulation functions. The currently most important basis of drug development is the expectation that molecules effective in behavioral changes in animal models should also be successful in human applications. Effectiveness of drugs used in treating tobacco (e.g., varenicline, lorcaserin), alcohol (e.g., naltrexone) and opioid (e.g., buprenorphine, methadone) dependence have been demonstrated by the “self administration’’ model. The same approach is also at the basis for the observed relapse models with triggering factors following a period of abstinence as well as for effective relapse prevention interventions.

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