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Yıl:2019; Cilt: 9; Sayı: 1>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2019;9(1):76-92
Obsesif kompulsif bozukluğun nörobiyolojisi
R Tükel
İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul
Obsesif kompulsif bozukluk (OKB), yineleyici, intrusif düşünce ve dürtüler (obsesyonlar) ve sıklıkla obsesyonların neden olduğu anksiyete ve sıkıntıyı azaltmak üzere yapılan yineleyici, amaca yönelik davranışlar (kompulsiyonlar) ile birliktedir. OKB uzunca bir süredir, serotonin gerialım inhibitörlerinin etkili bulunmasına ve ortaya çıkışında serotoninin rolü olduğunu ortaya koyan çok sayıda kanıta dayanılarak serotonerjik işlev bozukluğu gösteren bir bozukluk olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Çalışmalar ayrıca, OKB’nin gelişiminde glutamaterjik ve dopaminerjik sistemlerin rolü olduğunu ileri sürer. OKB kalıtılabilir bir bozukluktur ve çoğul genler OKB’nin etiyolojisinde yer alır. OKB’de psikopatolojiye genetik katkının anlaşılması için yeni çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. OKB’nin nöropsikolojik çalışmalarında özellikle de yürütücü işlevler, sözel olmayan bellek ve görsel-mekansal becerilerde işlev bozukluklarının olduğu bildirilmiştir. Bazı çelişkili bulguların varlığına karşın, davranışsal inhibisyon ve bilişsel esneklik ile ilgili eksikliklerin, OKB’nin ana özelliklerine karşılık geldiği görülmektedir. Nörogörüntüleme çalışmalarında, OKB hastalarının kontrollere göre, çeşitli yapısal ve işlevsel beyin değişiklikleri gösterdikleri bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmalar, OKB’nin patofizyolojisinde kortiko-striato-talamo-kortikal (KSTK) devrenin rolüne işaret eder. Bu devrede görülen işlev bozukluklarının OKB’nin altta yatan mekanizmalarında önemli rol oynadığı varsayılmıştır. Çalışmalar ayrıca, OKB’de görülen değişikliklerin KSTK devresi ile sınırlı olmadığını, temporal ve parietal bölgeleri de içeren beynin diğer alanlarına da uzandığını göstermektedir. OKB tek bir nozolojik antite olmaktan çok, klinik olarak heterojen bir bozukluktur ve farklı obsesif kompulsif belirti boyutlarıyla ilişkili birbirinden farklı çeşitli nöral sistemlere sahiptir. OKB’nin oluşumunda ve sürmesinde rol alan nörobiyolojik faktörlerin anlaşılması için daha ileri araştırmalara ihtiyaç vardır.
Neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent, intrusive thoughts and urges (obsessions) and repetitive, intentional behaviors (compulsions), often as an attempt to reduce anxiety and distress caused by the obsessions. OCD has long been defined as a disorder of serotonergic dysfunction based on the efficacy of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the growing evidence for the role of serotonin in OCD. Studies also suggest the role of glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems in the OCD expression. OCD is highly heritable and multiple genes are involved in the etiology of OCD. Future work is needed to understand the genetic contribution to psychopathology in OCD. Neuropsychological studies of OCD have reported cognitive dysfunction especially in executive functions, nonverbal memory, and visuospatial skills. Despite the existence of some discordant findings, deficits related to behavioral inhibition and cognitive flexibility appear to correspond to the core features of OCD. Neuroimaging studies have reported numerous structural and functional brain changes in OCD patients compared to healthy controls. These studies indicate the involvement of the cortico-striatalthalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits in the pathophysiology of OCD. Dysfunction in this circuitry is supposed to play an important role in underlying mechanisms of OCD. Studies have also showed that alterations are not limited to CSTC circuitry but might extend to other areas of brain, including temporal and parietal regions. OCD is clinically heterogeneous disorder rather than a unitary nosological entity and might have several discrete neural systems related to different obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions. Further research is needed to understand the neurobiological factors involved in the genesis and maintenance of OCD.

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