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Yıl:2019; Cilt: 9; Sayı: 1>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2019;9(1):57-75
Anksiyete bozuklukları: Neler oluyor, neler görüyoruz?
A Dönmez
Doğuş Üniversitesi, İstanbul
Anksiyete bozuklukları günümüzde en sık görülen ve büyük oranda işlevselliği olumsuz etkileyen psikiyatrik bozukluklardandır. Tedavisinde hakkında en fazla kanıt bulunan tedaviler, seçici serotonin geri alım inhibitörleri ve serotonin noradrenalin geri alım inhibitörleri gibi antidepresanlar ile benzodiazepinler gibi ilaçlar, bilişsel davranışçı terapidir. Fakat bu ilaçlar, belirtileri yatıştırmakta sadece kısa süreli etkilerinin olması, etkilerinin geç başlaması ve anksiyete ile ilişkili belirtilerin nedenini hedeflememeleri gibi nedenlerden dolayı tedavide yetersiz kalabilmekte ve bazı olgularda tedaviye direnç söz konusu olabilmektedir. Bu durum, yeni tedavi yöntemlerinin araştırılmasına neden olmuştur. Etkili yeni anksiyolitik ajanların geliştirilebilmesi için anksiyetenin altında yatan nöral mekanizmaların daha iyi anlaşılmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Bu açıdan sadece hastalık belirtilerinin yatıştırılması yaklaşımındansa, hastalıkların gelişmesinde devreye giren nöral sistemlere yönelik ilaçlar belirleme çabası daha umut verici görülmektedir. Çağdaş nörobiyolojik ve psikofarmakolojik yaklaşımlar özgül beyin bölgeleri ve nörotransmitter sistemlerinden çok etkileşim içerisinde olan nöroanatomik ve nörokimyasal sistemler üzerinde odaklanmaktadır. Bu yazının amacı; anksiyetenin nöroanatomik ve nörokimyasal temellerini, bu alanda geliştirilmiş olan psikofarmakolojik yaklaşımları özetlemek ve özellikle tedaviye dirençli olgular için potansiyel anksiyolitikler açısından ümit verici son bulguları derlemektedir. Bu amaçla önce anksiyete yanıtında devreye giren nöroanatomik bölgeler ve ilgili nörotransmitter sistemlerden bahsedilecektir. Yazının ikinci kısmına günümüze kadar yapılmış ve anksiyete nörobiyolojisini anlamaya yardımcı olan beyin görüntüleme çalışmalarının sonuçları özetlenecektir. Yazının en son kısmında anksiyete bozukluklarının tedavisinde gündeme gelen GABAerjik nörotranmisyonun pozitif allosterik modulasyonu, glutamaterjik iletimin modulatörleri, monoaminerjik sistemlerin düzenleyicileri, histon deasetilaz inhibitörleri, nöroaktif steroidler ve oksitonin hakkındaki bulgular özetlenecektir.
Anxiety disorders: what is going on, what do we see?
Anxiety disorders are among the most common and disabiling psychiatric disorders. The first line recommended treatment of anxiety disorders includes selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines, as well as cognitive behavioral therapy. However, these medications have many limitations; such as only temporarily relief of the symptoms, lateonset of their effects, and not targeting the underlying mechanisms of anxiety. Thus, they may sometimes be ineffective and some patients may not respond to classical treatment modalities. This fact has caused the need and effort to look for novel anxiolytics. In order to develop novel anxiolytics, there is a need to understand the underlying neural mechanisms of anxiety. In this view, instead of simply treating the symptoms of the disorder, it would be more promising to develop drugs that target specificly the underlying neural systems. Modern neurobiological and psychopharmacological approaches focus mostly on interacting neuroanatomical and neurochemical systems, rather than specific brain areas and specific neurotransmitter systems. The aim of this review is; to summarize the underlying neuroanatomical and neurochemical systems of anxiety, classical treatment approaches, and novel approaches especially promising for treatment refractory patients. With this aim, the first part of this review includes a summary of neuroanatomy and related neurotransmitter systems of anxiety. The second part includes a summary of brain imaging studies conducted with anxiety disorder patients. The last part includes a review of treatment options, such as positive allosteric modulation of GABAergic system, modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission, modulation of monoaminergic systems, histone deastilaz inhibitors, neuroactive streroids and oxitonin.

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