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Yıl:2019; Cilt: 9; Sayı: 1>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2019;9(1):39-46
Bipolar bozukluklar:Döngülenmenin nörobiyolojisi
A Özerdem
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir
Manik, depresif ve ötimik dönemler arasında döngülenme bipolar bozukluğun en önde gelen klinik özelliğidir. Tedavi sırasında ortaya çıkan manik kayma, bipolar bozukluktaki döngülenmenin düzeneklerini anlamada en uygun klinik fenomendir. Manik kayma bir dizi düzenekle ilişkilendirilmiştir ancak bu nörobiyolojik değişkenlerin birbiriyle nasıl bir etkileşim içinde oldukları tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Psikostimulanlar, trisiklik antidepresanlar, uyku yoksunluğu gibi bipolar bozukluğu olan bireylerde manik kaymaya yol açan etkenlerin hepsi başta dopamin ve norepinefrin olmak üzere katekolamin düzeylerinde artışa yol açarlar. Bu artış glikojen-sentetaz kinaz-3 (GSK3) α, β ve protein kinaz C (PKC) gibi bipolar bozukuluk patofizyolojisinde rol oynayan ileti sistemlerini aktive ederek etkisini gösterir. Katekolaminerjik aktarımda ve nöroplastisiteyle ilişkili beyinden köken alan nörotrofik faktör (BDNF) ve sirkadiyen döngü uzunluğunu düzenleyen genlerde ortaya çıkan polimorfizmin de döngülenmeyle ilişkili olduğu gösterilmiştir. Artmış glukokortikoid düzeylerinin sistemi farklı fizyolojik stresörler karşısında kırılgan hale getirmesinin, anormal glutamaterjik ileti ve sirkadyen ritim bozukluklarının da döngülenmede rol oynadığı gösterilmiştir. Sirkadyen saati düzenleyen CLOCK gibi genlerin polimorfizmi, uyku bozukluğu ve sonuçta nöroplastisiteyi sağlayan faktörleri (siklik AMP yanıt elemanını bağlayan protein (pCREB), BDNF ve ilişkili TrkB reseptörünü) kodlayan gen ekspresyonundaki değişiklikler de maniye döngülenmeyle ilişkilendirilen unsurlar olmuştur. Klinik çalışmalara ilişkin yöntemsel sorunlar ve kullanılan hayvan modellerinin yapısal geçerlilik sorunu nedeniyle verilerin tutarlılığı sorgulanmakla birlikte, farmakoterapinin yanı sıra sirkadyen ritmisiteyi sağlıklı tutacak yaşam biçimi düzenlemeleri, uyku bozukluklarının tedavisi, stresle baş etme yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesi bipolar bozuklukta döngülenmenin engellenmesi açısından önemlidir.
Bipolar disorders: neurobiology of cycling
Cycling is a core feature of bipolar disorder (BD). Treatment induced manic switch presents a good model for studying the neurobiology of fluctuations in BD. A series of mechanisms have been associated with switching phenomenon. The interconnection between these mechanisms is not well understood. Psychostimulants, tricyclic antidepressants and sleep deprivation induce manic switch in individuals with bipolar disorder. They exert the switch inducing effect by increasing catecholamine, namely dopamine and noradrenaline levels. Increased levels of dopamine and noradrenaline activate glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) a and ß, and protein kinase C (PKC) both of which are involved in pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Polymorphism of genes that regulate catecholaminergic transmission, neuroplasticity related elements such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and circadian rhythm cycle length play a role in switching as well. Increased glucocorticoid levels which create vulnerability for physiological stressors, abnormalities in glutamatergic transmission and disturbance in circadian rhythm are also related to the manic switch in BD. Sleep disturbance and polymorphism of the CLOCK gene which regulates the circadian clock, act through alterations in neuroplasticity by changing expression of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (pCREB), BDNF, related TrkB receptor and create a liability for switching. Methodological discordance in clinical studies and the lack of construct validity of the animal models for bipolar disorder cause difficulty while interpreting the findings. However, lifestyle changes in favor of maintaining circadian rhythm, treatment of sleep disturbances, and developing stress management skills as adjunct to pharmacotherapy are essential for preventing relapses in bipolar disorder.

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