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Yıl:2019; Cilt: 9; Sayı: 1>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2019;9(1):19-26
Nörobilişsel bozukluklar
ETÖ Kızıl
Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara
Nüfusun yaşlanmasıyla beraber nörodejeneratif hastalıklar ve nörobilişsel bozukluklar giderek daha yaygın hale gelmekte ve bu konuda yapılan bilimsel araştırmaların sayısı hızla artmaktadır. Güncel tanısal sınıflamalarda genellikle yaşlılarda ortaya çıkan ve nörodejeneratif bozukluklara bağlı gelişen “demans” kavramı yerine, daha geniş kavramsal bir çerçevesi bulunan “majör nörobilişsel bozukluk“ kavramı tercih edilmektedir. Alzhiemer hastalığı majör nörobilişsel bozukluğa yol açan en sık durum olup, yaşlanmaya bağlı olmayan ancak yaşla ilişkili olan nörodejeneratif bir hastalıktır. Alzheimer hastalığı ve nörobilişsel bozukluğa yol açan Frontotemporal Lobar Dejenerasyon ve Lewy Cisimcikli Demans gibi diğer nörodejeneratif hastalıkların protein katlanma hataları ve beyinde anormal protein birikimi ile beraber nöroinflamasyon ve nörodejenerasyon ile özellikli oldukları bilinmektedir. Bu nörodejeneratif hastalıklara ilişkin patolojik değişiklikler ve çeşitli genetik faktörler saptanmış olsa da etyopatogenezleri henüz tam olarak aydınlatılamamıştır. Dolayısıyla hastalıkların seyrini değiştirici etki gösteren tedaviler de bulunamamıştır. Hastalık seyrini değiştirici etki gösteren tedavilerin geliştirilebilmesi açısından preklinik evrelerdeki olguların doğru biçimde klinik araştırmalara dahil edilebilmesi amacıyla biyobelirteçlerin saptanması ve hastalıkları en iyi şekilde yansıtan hayvan modellerinin oluşturulması önemli görülmektedir. Ayrıca çok etmenli olarak ortaya çıkan bu hastalıkların tedavisinde çoklu hedefe yönelik ajanların kullanılması da önerilmektedir. Bu yazıda Alzheimer hastalığı, Frontotemporal Lobar Dejenerasyon ve Lewy Cisimcikli Demans gibi nörobilişsel bozukluklara yol açan belli başlı nörodejeneratif hastalıkların nörobiyolojisi gözden geçirilmiştir.
Neurocognitive disorders
With the aging of the population, neurodegenerative diseases and neurocognitive disorders are becoming more common and the number of scientific research on this subject is rapidly increasing. In the current diagnostic classifications, rather than the concept of “dementia” which is generally seen in the elderly and which develops mainly due to neurodegenerative disorders, the concept of “major neurocognitive disorder” which has a broader conceptual framework, is preferred. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common condition leading to major neurocognitive disorder and it is a neurodegenerative disease which is associated with age but not dependent on aging. Other neurodegenerative diseases such as Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Lewy Body Dementia which cause neurocognitive disorder are known to be characterized by protein folding errors and abnormal protein accumulation in the brain, together with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Although a variety of genetic factors and pathological changes associated with these neurocognitive disorders have been identified, their etiopathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, disease modifying treatments have not been found. In order to develop disease modifying treatments it is important to determine the biomarkers to be able to include the cases at preclinical stages correctly at clinical trials and and to establish animal models that best reflect the diseases. It is also recommended to use multiple target agents for the treatment of these multifactorial diseases. In this article, neurobiology of certain neurodegenerative diseases leading to neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Lewy Body Dementia are reviewed.

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