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Yıl:2017; Cilt: 7; Sayı: 3>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2017;7(3):198-210
Alkol ve madde kullanım bozukluğu eşliğinde bipolar bozukluk
BD Uluğ
Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara
Alkol Madde Kullanım Bozuklukları (A-MKB) ve Bipolar Bozukluklar (BB) çok sık olarak birlikte görülen hastalıklardır. A-MKB ile bipolar bozuklukların birbiriyle örtüşen belirti ve bulgularının olması, birbirine eşlik eden bu hastalıklara doğru ve kesin biçimde tanı konulabilmesinin önündeki en önemli güçlüktür. Tanı konulamadığı zaman tedavi gereksinimleri karşılanamamakta; bu da hastalıkların gidiş ve sonlanışları üzerinde olumsuz bir etkide bulunmaktadır. A-MKB ve BB’un birbirine eşlik ettiği durumların tedaviye uyum, tedaviye yanıt, özkıyım riski, yaşam kalitesi bakımından, her iki hastalığın tek başına bulunduğu durumlara göre çok daha olumsuz özellikte olduğu bilinmektedir. Sık olarak birlikte görülme nedenlerinin ortak genetik yatkınlık, erken yaşlarda başlayan dürtüsellik, duygudurumu düzenleyememe gibi nörobilişsel işlev bozuklukları, ve stres duyarlılığı gibi risk etkenleri olduğu düşünülmektedir. Ergenlik döneminde başlayan BB, A-MKB gelişimi için çok ciddi bir risk etkeni olarak görülmektedir. Tanısal değerlendirme için yakın izlem, hasta ve yakınlarından ayrıntılı bilgi alınması, yapılandırılmış araçların ve toksikolojik analizlerin kullanılması, kayıtların düzenli tutulması ve Yaşam Çizelgesi’nden yararlanılması önemlidir. BB ve A-MKB’nun birlikte bulunduğu durumlarda güncel tedavi modeli “bütünleştirilmiş” bir model olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Her iki hastalık eş zamanlı olarak ve etkili müdahalelerle ele alınmalı; tedavi işbirliği kurulmalıdır. Klinik çalışma sonuçları ilaç tedavisinde duygudurum dengeleyiciler, atipik antipsikotikler ve alkol isteğini azaltıcı ilaçların birlikte kullanılması gereğini ortaya koymaktadır. Her iki bozukluk arasındaki iki yönlü negatif ilişki akılda tutulmalı ve hastaların hem geriye dönük değerlendirmesi hem de ileriye dönük tedavi planları kapsayıcı ve hasta merkezli bir yaklaşımla yapılmalıdır. İlaç tedavileri ve bütünleştirilmiş psikoterapiler birlikte uygulanmalıdır.
Bipolar disorder co-occuring with alcohol and substance use disorders
Alcohol and substance use disorders and bipolar disorders very commonly co-occur. In the patients with such co-morbidity there are many diagnostic difficulties one of which is the overlap between the signs and symptoms of each disorder. The chronic, episodic and fluctuating course of both disorders also pose an obstacle for an accurate diagnosis that is necessary for a proper management approach. Underdiagnosis and undertreatment of the cases make a significant negative impact on the course and prognosis of the diseases as well as the compliance, response to treatment, quality of life and suicide risk. Their co-existence is explained mostly through several common risk factors such as genetic predisposition, or developmental and neurocognitive deficits responsible for the traits including impulsivity, hyperactivity or stress sensitivity. The onset of bipolar disorder in adolescence is considered as one of the most important risk factors for the development of alcohol and substance use disorders. The diagnostic assessment should be consisted of the use of structured instruments and toxicologic analyses, a careful and intensive follow-up of the patient with good recording, together with longitudinal assessment tools like the Life Chart. The current approach for the treatment of co-morbid patients is highly recommended to be an “integrated” care focusing on the simultaneous and efficacious management of both disorders as well as the therapeutic alliance. Clinical trials indicate the use of combinations of mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics and anticraving medications. The complicated course of co-morbid cases necessitates a patient-centered comprehensive care including and combining psychopharmacological treatments and the so-called “integrated” psychotherapies.

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