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Yıl:2017; Cilt: 7; Sayı: 3>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2017;7(3):173-185
Psikiyatrik ektanılı bipolar bozuklukta tanı ve sağaltım
K Kora
Vizyon Psikiyatri, İstanbul
Bipolar bozukluklar, sıklıkla farklı psikiyatrik bozuklukların da eşlik ettiği bir klinik gidiş göstermektedir. Amerikan Ulusal Ektanı (Komorbidite) Anketi verilerine göre, bipolar bozukluk hastalarının %95’ine yaşamboyu en az üç veya daha fazla psikiyatrik bozukluk tanısı konduğu bildirilmiştir. Ektanı varlığı, erken yaşta başlangıç, hızlı döngülü gidiş, zaman içinde hastalık dönemlerinin şiddetlenmesi ve birinci derece yakınlarda artmış madde kötüye kullanımı ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Ektanı varlığının artmış özkıyım girişimi, depresyon ile başlangıç ve lityuma kötü yanıt ile de ilişkili olduğunu bildiren çalışmalar da bulunmaktadır. DSM-IV tanı ölçütlerine göre bir eksen I veya eksen II ektanısı olan bipolar bozukluk hastalarının, hastalık başlangıcından itibaren uygun sağaltıma ulaşma sürelerinin, saf bipolar bozukluk hastalarına göre çok daha uzun olduğu belirtilmektedir. Bipolar bozuklukta psikiyatrik ektanı varlığının yüksek oranda olmasının nedenleri halen yeterince aydınlatılamamış olmasına rağmen, bipolar bozukluğun diğer psikiyatrik bozukluklar için bir risk faktörü olması veya bipolar bozukluk ile varolan ektanının ortak patofizyolojiye sahip olmaları sonucunda sıklıkla bir arada görüldükleri gibi çeşitli açıklamalar bulunmaktadır. Bipolar bozuklukta ektanı olarak görülen psikiyatrik bozuklukların genellikle, bipolar bozukluktan önce başladığı düşünülmektedir. On yıllık, toplum temelli bir izlem çalışmasında, ergenlik döneminde başlayan çeşitli psikiyatrik bozuklukların yetişkinlik döneminde görülebilecek erken başlangıçlı bipolar bozukluk için risk faktörü olduğu gösterilmiştir. Buna karşın, obsesif kompulsif bozukluğun veya madde kullanım bozukluklarının bipolar bozukluktan daha sonra başladığını gösteren çalışmalar da bulunmaktadır. Bu yazıda bipolar bozuklukta sık görülen çeşitli psikiyatrik ektanıların varlığının tanı ve sağaltım açısından yarattığı güçlükler ve bunlara yönelik stratejiler ele alınacaktır.
Diagnosis and treatment in bipolar disorder with psychiatric comorbidity
Bipolar disorder has a clinical course frequently accompanied by various clinical disorders. According to the American National Comorbidity Survey, it is estimated that 95% of patients with bipolar disorder have been diagnosed with three or more psychiatric disorders in their lifetime. Presence of comorbid disorders have been found to correlate with early onset of the disorder, rapid cycling, aggravation of the episodes during course of the disorder, and an increased rate of drug abuse in the first degree relatives. There are also studies indicating that comorbidity is correlated with increased suicide rates, onset with a depressive episode, and treatment outcomes unresponsive to lithium. As DSM-IV criteria point out, bipolar disorder patients with an Axis I or Axis II comorbid diagnosis, have a longer time to achieve appropriate treatment compared with patients without the comorbid disorders. Although the reasons of high comorbidity rates in bipolar disorder are still far from being conclusive, various explanations concur on the observation that bipolar disorder constitutes a major risk factor for other psychiatric disorders or that bipolar disorder and the comorbid disorders are coexistent because of shared pathophysiological backgrounds. It is generally assumed that the comorbid psychiatric disorders have an earlier onset than bipolar disorder. In a 10 year long community based follow up study, it was shown that various psychiatric disorders that began in adolescence were risk factors for early onset bipolar disorder. On the other hand, there are some studies which indicate that obsessive-compulsive disorder or substance related and addictive disorders develop secondarily to bipolar disorder. This article aims to provide a brief review on the difficulties encountered in diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in the presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders and on the available strategies to manage these obstacles.

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