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Yıl:2020; Cilt: 4; Sayı: 7>> Özet
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Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi; 2020;4(7):81-90
Oksitosinin Nörobiyolojik Temelleri ve Davranışsal Doğurgularının İncelenmesi
G Pakyürek
Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Aydın
Oksitosin psikoloji araştırmalarını oldukça etkileyen, bağlanma, sosyal işlevler, hayatta kalma, duygusal yüz ifadelerini tanımlama, sosyal ilişkiler, aşk, üreme, ebeveynlik ve çocuk bakımı gibi birçok temel konuda etkin rol oynadığı düşünülen bir hormondur. Sosyal etkileşim olmadığında insanların üreme davranışında, gelişiminde ve hatta hayatta kalmasında sorunlar yaşaması kaçınılmaz olduğu düşünülmektedir. Sosyal etkileşimi kolaylaştırdığı öne sürülen oksitosin türü peptidlerin oluşumundan sorumlu genlerin 700 milyon yıl önce evrildiği ileri sürülmektedir. Beyindeki ve kandaki oksitosin miktarı türlere göre değişiklik göstermekte ve oksitosin seviyesindeki bireysel farklılıklar sosyal davranışlarını da içeren şekilde kişilik özellikleriyle ilişkilendirilmektedir. Oksitosin miktarı kadınlarda emzirme döneminde zirve yapmaktadır ve sütün gelmesini kolaylaştırıp anne-bebek arasındaki sosyal ve hormonal ilişkinin kurulmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Sosyal ilişkilerdeki bağı güçlendirip olumlu ipuçlarının yakalanmasını arttırmaktadır. Böylece stresle tetiklenen kortizon salınımını baskılayarak kaygıyı azaltıp, güven ortamı sağlayarak olumlu ilişkilerin kurulmasında aracılık etmektedir. Güvenli bir ortam oluşturulduğunda sosyal davranışlarda korkusuz ya da daha rahat ilişkide bulunmayı sağlayarak sevgi dolu ilişkiler oksitosinin davranışsal etkileriyle desteklenerek sağlanabilmektedir. Ayrıca oksitosin kullanımının otizm, madde bağımlılığı, şizofreni, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu, sosyal fobi ve saldırganlık, gibi birçok psikiyarik hastalıkların tedavisinde uygulandığı ve katkı sağladığı ileri sürülmektedir. Kişilik oluşumu gibi sosyal davranışlarımız temelinde bulunan kişiliğin de oksitosin miktarıyla ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Sosyal yaşamı önemli derecede etkileyen oksitosinin fizyolojik, davranışsal ve bilişsel yönlerini araştıracak disiplinlerarası çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu makalede oksitosinin nörobiyolojik temelleri ve sosyal yaşamımızdaki önemi üstünde durulmuş olup davranışsal doğurguları allostatik, korku/stres, sosyo-evrimsel ve sosyal belirginlik kuramları bağlamında tartışılmıştır.
Neurobiological Basis of Oxythosin and Investigation its Behavioral Outcomes
Oxytocin is a hormone that is highly influenced by psychology research and is thought to play an active role in many basic topics such as attachment, social functions, survival, defining emotional facial expressions, social relationships, love, reproduction, parenting and childcare. In the absence of social interaction, it is thought that it is inevitable for people to have problems in reproductive behavior, development and even survival. It is suggested that the genes responsible for the formation of oxytocin-type peptides, which are claimed to facilitate social interaction, evolved 700 million years ago. The amount of oxytocin in the brain and blood varies by species, and individual differences in oxytocin level are associated with personality traits, including social behavior. The amount of oxytocin peaks during breastfeeding in women and contributes to the establishment of a social and hormonal relationship between mother and baby by facilitating milk delivery. It strengthens the bond in social relations and increases the catching of positive cues. Thus, it mediates positive relationships by reducing anxiety and providing an atmosphere of trust by suppressing stress-induced cortisone release, When a safe environment is created, by providing fearless or more comfortable relationships in social behaviors, loving relationships can be provided by supporting the behavioral effects of oxytocin. In addition, it has been observed that oxytocin use has been applied and contributed to the treatment of many psychiatric diseases such as autism, substance abuse, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, social phobia, and aggression. It is thought that the personality, which is based on our social behaviors such as personality formation, is also related to the amount of oxytocin. Interdisciplinary studies are needed to investigate the physiological, behavioral and cognitive aspects of oxytocin, which significantly affects social life. In this study, the importance of oxytocin in our social life and neurobiological basis is emphasized and it is aimed to discuss its behavioral outcomes in the context of allostatic, fear/stres, social-evolutionary and social salience theories.

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