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Yıl:2018; Cilt: 38; Sayı: 2>> Özet
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Psikoloji Çalışmaları; 2018;38(2):171-200
Bilişsel Esneklik, İki Dillilik ve Üstbilişsel Kararlar Arasındaki Bağlantılar
Y Karslı, S Karakelle
İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul
Bu araştırmada, çocuklarda iki dilli ya da tek dilli oluşun bilişsel esneklik düzeyi üzerindeki etkisinde üstbilişsel kararlardan öğrenme kararının doğruluğunun düzenleyici rolü araştırılmıştır. Araştırmaya 45 - 77 ay arası 75 iki dilli, 75 tek dilli çocuk katılmıştır. Öğrenme kararlarının doğruluğu, araştırmacıların hazırladığı resim kartları ile; bilişsel esneklik, Boyut Değiştirerek Kart Eşleme göreviyle ve çocukların Türkçe alıcı dil becerileri, TİFALDİ-AD testiyle değerlendirilmiştir. İki dillilere Ermenice alıcı dil becerilerini değerlendirmek için Peabody Resim Kelime Testi’nin Ermenice versiyonu uygulanmıştır. Eşit düzeyde iki dilliler, eşit olmayan düzeyde iki dilliler ve tek dilliler arasında bilişsel esneklik düzeyleri ve öğrenme kararların doğruluğu açısından anlamlı farklılaşma olduğu, iki dillilerin (eşit düzeyde olan-olmayan) bilişsel esneklik düzeyi ve öğrenme kararların doğruluğu açısından tek dillilerden yüksek performans gösterdikleri bulunmuştur. İki ya da tek dilli olmanın bilişsel esneklik üzerindeki etkisinde öğrenme kararlarının düzenleyici rolünün incelenmesi için çoklu hiyerarşik doğrusal düzenleyici regresyon analizleri uygulanmıştır. Bulgular, öğrenme kararlarının doğruluğunun iki ya da tek dilli oluş ve bilişsel esneklik arasındaki ilişkide düzenleyici etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Bilişsel esneklik düzeyine ilişkin ilk aşama puanları ile iki dilli ya da tek dilli oluş arasındaki ilişkide öğrenme kararlarının doğruluğunun düzenleyici rolü incelendiğinde öğrenme kararlarının doğruluğu düşük olan iki dilli grubun katılımcılarının tek dilli gruba kıyasla bilişsel esnekliklerinin daha yüksek olduğu gözlenirken, öğrenme kararlarının doğruluğunun yüksek olduğu iki dilli grup ile tek dilli grup arasında bilişsel esneklik düzeyi açısından anlamlı bir farklılaşma olmadığı gözlenmiştir. Bilişsel esneklik düzeyine ilişkin ikinci aşama puanları ile iki dilli ya da tek dilli oluş arasındaki ilişkide öğrenme kararlarının doğruluğu incelendiğinde öğrenme kararlarının doğruluğunun hem yüksek hem de düşük olduğu gruplarda iki dillilerin tek dilli gruba kıyasla bilişsel esneklik düzeyinin daha yüksek olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bulgular temsilsel yeniden tanımlama açıklaması doğrultusunda tartışılmış ve iki dillilerin sahip olduğu yüksek temsil becerileri sayesinde gerçekleştirdikleri görevin gereklilikleri değiştiğinde esnek biçimde yeni duruma geçiş yapabilmelerinin mümkün olduğu şeklinde yorumlanmıştır.
Relations Among Cognitive Flexibility, Bilingualism, and Metacognitive Judgments
The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderator role of judgements of learning (JOL), which is one of the metacognitive judgements, over the effects of being monolingual or bilingual on children’s cognitive flexibility. A total of 75 bilingual and 75 monolingual children aged between 45 and 77 months committed to the study. Accuracy of JOL was evalauted by picture cards prepared by the researchers, cognitive flexibility was evaluated by DCCS tasks, and Turkish receptive language abilities were evaluated through TIFALDI-AD. A translated version of PPVT into Armenian was administered to bilinguals for evaluating their Armenian language abilities. A significant difference was found among equal bilinguals, non-equal bilinguals, and monolinguals in their cognitive flexibility levels and their accuracy of judgments of learning (JOL). Bilingual groups were found to perform higher in cognitive flexibility and accuracy of JOL when compared to monolingual groups. A multiple hierarchical regression was applied to investigate the moderator role of JOL in terms of what effects being bilingual or monolingual have on cognitive flexibility. Findings indicate that accuracy of JOL has a moderate effect in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and whether one is bilingual or monolingual. When the moderator role of the accuracy of JOL in the relationship between first stage scores of cognitive flexibility and being bilingual or monolingual was examined, it was observed that the participants of the bilingual group with a low accuracy of JOL had higher cognitive flexibility compared to the monolingual group, whereas there was no significant difference in cognitive flexibility level between the bilingual group with a higher accuracy of JOL and the monolingual group. When the moderator role of the accuracy of JOL in the relationship between the second stage scores of cognitive flexibility and being bilingual or monolingual was examined, it was observed that cognitive flexibility of the bilinguals was higher when compared to monolinguals in both groups with higher and lower accuracy of JOL. Findings were discussed relative to a representational redefinition explanation.

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