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Yıl:2019; Cilt: 2; Sayı: 4>> Özet
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Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi; 2019;2(4):46-58
Lacanyen Gerçek ve Gerçekliğin Rüyalarla İlişkisi
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Ankara
1901 yılında doğan Jacques Lacan kuramını yeniden yaptığı Freud okumaları ile birlikte "Freud'a dönüş hareketi" olarak ifade eder. Felsefi bakış açısının diğer psikanalitik kuramcılara göre çok daha fazla olması ile dikkati çeken Lacan aynı zamanda dilbilimi çalışmaları ile de psikanalizin daha net anlaşılır olması ve bilimsel olarak da psikanalizin daha incelenebilir olmasını amaçlamıştır. Lacan'ın kuramında, insanın gelişim süreçlerini ifade eden temel üç dönem mevcuttur. Bunlardan ilki; psikoza karşılık gelen ve gerçek (real) (R) olarak ifade edilen dönem, nevroza karşılık gelen imgesel (I) olarak ifade edilen dönem ve bireyin toplumsal süreçler ile ilişkisi dahilinde şekillendiğini ifade edebileceğimiz simgesel (S) dönem olarak ifade edebiliriz. Tüm psikoterapi ekolleri kişilerin yaşamsal alanlarında şekillenen ilişki örüntüleri ve algıları dahilindeki konular ile ilgilenmektedir. Yaşamın kurgulandığı ve psikoterapilerin konusu olan bahsettiğimiz bu örüntüler Lacan'ın kuramında ifade ettiği bu üç dönem ile de ilişkilidir. Fakat Lacanyen anlamda gerçek, bizi çevreleyen dış dünyanın eş anlamlısı değildir. Gerçek, ruhsal dünyada konumlanan bir yapıdır. Gerçek, Lacan'a göre dilin de dışında olandır ve her çeşit sembolleştirmeye karşı koymaktadır. Lacan gerçeği imkânsız olarak tarifler ve de simgesel düzen ile simgesel düzene dahil edilemez olarak ifade eder. Lacan'nın kuramında“Gerçek”, yaşam kurgusunun da karşılığı olarak görebileceğimiz gerçeklikten farklı bir olgudur. Rüyalar ise günlük yaşamdaki birçok konunun ve çatışmanın yansıdığı, terapi seanslarında serbest çağrışım ile de ortaya çıkabilen bilinçdışı materyali içeren nöro-psiko-fizyolojik bir olaydır. Rüyaların bilimsel olarak incelenmesi ve oluş mekanizmalarının ortaya konması ilk kez 1900'lü yıllar itibari ile Freud'un yaptığı çalışmalarla ortaya konmuştur. Ve hala rüya analizi psikanalitik psikoterapilerde önemli bir terapi tekniği olarak kullanılmaktadır. Gün içerisinde yaşanan ve bastırma savunma mekanizması bağlamında bilinçdışına itilen yaşam an ve anılarının, bir çeşit bastırlanın geri dönüşü olarak da yorumlanabilecek olan rüyalar yolu ile bilince çıktığı söylenebilir. Bu durum çoğunlukla bilinçli bilen özne olduğu iddiasında olan insanın rüyalar, dil sürçmeleri ve sakarlıklar sayesinde aslında bilinçte var olmayan bir bilgiye ve bilinçdışına sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Freudyen teoriden yola çıkan ve bilinçdışının dil ve yaşamsal olaylar ile ilişkisini inceleyen Lacan kuramında insanın anlamlandırma çabasını dilbilimsel anlamda tanımlanan gösteren ve gösterilen arasında kurulan ilişki üzerinden incelemektedir. Bu anlatılanlar ışığında Lacanyen anlamda, gerçek ve gerçeklik arasındaki bağlantının anlam, yaşamın kurgulanışı ve rüyalar ile ilişkisi bu makalede incelenmiştir.
Lacanian Real and The Reality's Relations with Dreams
Jacques Lacan, who was born in 1901, expresses his theory as “movement to Freud” by the recalling of Freud’s works. Lacan has a more philosophical viewpoint than the other psychoanalytic theorists and he also aims to make psychoanalytic more understandable and scientifically analyzable by depending on linguistic studies. In Lacan’s theory, there are three fundamental stages that represent the development process of humans. These stages are, as follows, Real (R) which corresponds to the psychosis; Imaginary (I) which corresponds to the neurosis and Symbolic (S) which refers to that that people are shaped by their relations with social continuum. All psychotherapy schools are interested in the patterns which are shaped by persons’ social areas and in the subjects of human perception. These patterns that are the subjects of psychotherapy and in which the life is structured are also related with the Lacan’s 3 stages. However, in the Lacanian approach, real is not equal to the world around us. Real is located in the spiritual world. Real, according to Lacan, can exist without the language and it withstands to the any kind of symbolism. Lacan describes the real as impossible and impossible to be located in anywhere of the symbolic scheme. Real in the Lacan’s theory is a different phenomenon than the reality which corresponds to the structure of life. Dreams, on the other hand, are the neuro-psycho-physiological cases in which many daily events and conflicts are represented and that includes unconscious materials which can appear by the free associations during the therapy sessions. Freud was the first person who scientifically investigated the mechanisms of dreams in the 20th century. Analysis of dreams is still used as an important therapy technique in today’s psychoanalytic therapies. It is possible to claim that moments and memories that are lived during the day but pushed to the unconscious by the defense mechanism of repression can reappear in the consciousness by the means of dreams which can be interpreted as the feedback of repression. This situation tells us that humans who generally see themselves as conscious subjects, can have a knowledge outside of consciousness or unconscious as it is clear from the dreams, Freudian slips and clumsiness. In Lacanian theory, which originally starts off from Freudian theory and looks at unconscious’s relationship between language and vital events, investigates the interpretation efforts of human in terms of the relationship between linguistically identified significant and significatum. In the light of this information, this article investigates the relation between the connection of real-reality and meaning, structure of life, and dreams, in line with Lacanian perspective.

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