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Yıl:2018; Cilt: 1; Sayı: 2>> Özet
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Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi; 2018;1(2):1-28
Alan Kuramının Diğer Psikanalitik Kuramlarla İlişkisi
T Özakkaş
Psikoterapi Enstitüsü, İstanbul
Psikoterapi tarihini yüz yıllık bir bilimsel sürece bağlayabiliriz. Bu süreçte, ana çizgi itibarıyla; davranışa odaklanan, bilişe odaklanan, bilinçdışı süreçlere odaklanan ve varoluşa odaklanan terapiler olarak kümeleştirebiliriz. Bunları kendi arasında kategorize ettiğimizde; bir kişinin iç dünyasını ve zihinsel yapısını statik, kalıcı, kişiye ait ve değişmez bir yapı olarak bakan ve oradaki psikopatolojiyi düzeltme iddiasında bulunan kuramlar bir tarafta durmaktadır. Tek kişilik terapiler olarak adlandırılan bu kuramlara, tamir eden ve edilen, gözleyen ve gözlenen, bilen ve bilmeyen bağlamları perspektiflerinde bakmak mümkündür. Tek kişilik terapilerin karşısına ise karşılıklı etkileşime dayalı iki kişilik terapiler olarak adlandırılan diğer terapi kuramlarını koymak mümkündür. Bu makalenin amacı ve konusu: iki kişilik terapilerden doğan ve daha sonra bir sistem teorisine ve alan teorisine doğru genişleyen, karşılıklı etkileşimsel sistemleri merkeze alan yaklaşım tarzıyla, bu psikoterapi ekollerini, özellikle psikanalitik bağlamda olan psikoterapi kuramlarını değerlendirmek ve alan kuramına karşı konumlarını belirlemek ve tanımlamaktır. Freud’dan hemen sonra ortaya çıkan daha çok self üzerine odaklanmış Adler, Jung gibi dinamik psikoterapi kuramcıları ve yaklaşım tarzları; Anna Freud, Eric Ericson, David Rapaport, H. Loewald ve Heinz Hartmann gibi ego psikolojisine ağırlık veren ego psikologları; nesne ilişkilerini gündeme getiren Melanie Klein ve W. R. D. Fairbairn’den ortaya çıkan nesne ilişkileri ve Otto Kernberg gibi çağdaş temsilcileri; ara gurup olarak nitelendirebileceğimiz gelişimsel psikolojiye öncelik vererek yaklaşan James Masterson’un terk depresyonu kuramı, klasik psikanalitik ekolden bir kopma olduğu iddia edilen ve bir kopuş sağlayan Heinz Kohut’un Kendilik Psikolojisi, kendilik psikolojisiyle aynı döneme denk düşen Stephan Mitchell ve Jay Greenberg’in ilişkisel psikanalizi, bunlarla karşılıklı etkileşim içerisinde ortaya çıkan Paul Wachtel’in ilişkisel-döngüsel psikoterapisi, Robert Stolorow, Bernard Brandchaft ve George E. Atwood’un Öznelerarası Alan Kuramı, Joseph D. Lichtenberg, Frank M. Lachmann ve James L. Fosshage’ın geliştirdiği güdülenme sistemleri, güdülenme kuramları bu makalenin temel konusudur.
Intersections of Field Theory with Other Psychoanalytic Theories
Psychotherapy has a scientific history of one hundred years. The therapies that have been prevalent through the history of psychotherapy have been focused on behavior, cognition, unconscious processes, or existential issues. We can further categorize them as one-person vs. two-person theories. One-person approaches view one’s inner world and mental structure as static, permanent, and stable, and attempt to correct the psychopathology involved. One-person therapies involve the positions of repairer-repaired, observer-observed, and knowing-unknowing. Two-person therapies, on the other hand, focus on mutual interaction. The subject and goal of this paper is to outline the progression of these schools of psychoanalytic psychotherapy from two-person therapies towards systems theory and field theory, centered around interactive systems, with a particular focus on their position vis-a-vis the contemporary field theory. This paper sets aside the behavioral-cognitive and existentialist therapies to primarily focus on the psychodynamic schools following Freud, including dynamic psychotherapy approaches of Adler and Jung; ego psychology of Anna Freud, Eric Ericson, David Rapaport, H. Loewald, and Heinz Hartmann; object relations of Melanie Klein and W. R. D. Fairbairn, and later representatives such as Otto Kernberg; developmental psychology emphasis of the so-called interim group of James Masterson’s abandonment depression theory; self psychology of Heinz Kohut as a break from classical psychoanalytic school; relational psychoanalysis of Stephen Mitchell ve Jay Greenberg; relational-cyclical psychotherapy of Paul Watchel; intersubjective field theory of Robert Stolorow, Bernard Brandchaft and George Atwood; and motivational systems theory of Joseph D. Lichtenberg, Frank M. Lachmann, and James L. Fosshage.

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