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Yıl:1996; Cilt: 33; Sayı: 1>> Özet
Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi; 1996;33(1):1-7
Distimi Sağaltımı
O Yazıcı
İstanbul Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı
Distimi sağaltımının iki temel yöntemi ilaçla ve tinsel sağaltımlardır. Kontrollü çift kör çalışmalar antidepresanların plaseboya 2-3.75 oranında üstünlüğünü göstermektedir. Distiminin ilaçla sağaltımı, önce eşlik eden bozuklukları ortadan kaldırmaya yönelir ve bu başarıldıktan sonra altta yatan distimiye yönelik olarak sürdürülür. Seçilen antidepresan 6-8 haftada distimik belirtilerde anlamlı bir gerileme yaratmadıysa başka bir antidepresana geçilmesi uygundur. Sağaltıma yanıtsızlık durumlarında, dirençli depresyondaki ilkeler uygulanır. Belirtilerde düzelmeye ulaşma durumunda ise, distiminin kronik, yavaş düzelen ve yüksek riskli bir bozukluk olması nedeniyle, sürdürüm sağaltımının 2 ya da daha fazla yıl olması önerilmektedir. Distimideki antidepresan dozları majör depresyondaki gibi olmakla birlikte, en yüksek dozlara çıkma gereğinin daha fazla duyulması ve distimiklerin ilaç yan etkilerine depresiflerden daha duyarlı oldukları vurgulanmaktadır. Tedavinin uzun süreli olması gerektiği de düşünülürse, az yan etkili antidepresanlar, yani SSRI'lar ve RIMA, bir üstünlük sunmaktadır. Ancak, eldeki verilerle herhangi bir antidepresanm diğerine üstünlüğü şu aşamada ileri sürülemez. Antidepresan seçimi, yan etki, emniyet, daha önce iyi yanıt verilen ilaç tipi, eşlik eden bozukluk tipi, satın alma gücü vb etkenler göz önüne alınarak, her hasta için yarar /zarar saptamasıyla bireyselleştirilmelidir. İlaçlı sağaltımla belirtiler geriletildiktem sonra, koruma ve sosyal uyum için tinsel sağaltımın yardımı gerekir. Buradaki iki ana amaç, hastanın benlik değer duygusunu yeniden eğitmek, hastaya uygun bir davranış çerçevesi ve başa çıkma becerileri öğretmektir. Bu açıdan özgül sorunlara yönelik ve depresyona uyarlanmış olan kişiler arası tinsel sağaltım (IPT), ya da bilişsel-davranışsal sağaltım gibi odaklanmış özgül sağaltımların, özgül olmayan sağaltımlara üstünlüğü gösterilmiştir.
Treatment of dysthymia
The management of dysthymia requires both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Controlled, double-blind studies indicate the superiority of antidepressant over placebo. The response ratio is 2 to 3.75 times greater in favor of antidepressants. Pharmacotherapy aims to treat first the comorbid condition then the underlying dysthymia. If the chosen antidepressant is not effective in 6-8 weeks, it is rational to switch to another antidepressant drug. The principles of the treatment of resistant depression are followed in case of therapy-resistance. The dosages of antidepressants in dysthymia are generally higher than for major depression, and maximal dosages are more frequently required. Being a chronic, slow-responding, and high-relapsing disorder, dysthymia treatment requires a minimum of 2- [year]s antidepressant maintenance. New-generation antidepressants with safer profiles can pose an advantage for this long-term treatment, since dysthymics are claimed to be especially sensitive to side effects of drugs. Still, at present, all classes of antidepressants appear to be equally effective in treating dysthymic symptoms. Therefore, the decision of which antidepressant to use should be individualized and based on side-effects, safety, previous response to antidepressants, comorbid conditions, cost, etc. As the symptoms improve with pharmacotherapy, psychotherapeutic contribution is needed for prevention or social adaptation. The main "objectives of psychotherapy are to re-educate the patient's appraisal of self and to teach the patient a suitable behavioral repertory and coping skills. Specific psychotherapies as IPT that focus on solving specific problems related to dysthymia, or as CBT that focus on cognitive distortions and social skills are found to be more effective than non-specific psychotherapies both in depression and dysthymia.

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