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Yıl:2005; Cilt: 1; Sayı: 12>> Özet
Türkiye Klinikleri Dahili Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi Psikiyatri; 2005;1(12):49-57
Şizofreni Tedavisi ve Antipsikotik İlaçlar
AE Anıl Yağcıoğlu
Psikiyatri AD, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, ANKARA
Şizofreni tedavisinde kullanılan ilk antipsikotik klorpromazinin keşfinden bu yana çok sayıda antipsikotik geliştirilmiştir. Günümüzde antipsikotikler farklı etki ve yan etki profilleriyle en basit biçimiyle tipik (dopamin antagonistleri) ve atipik (serotonin-dopamin antagonistleri, benzamidler ve kısmi dopamin agonistleri) olarak gruplanabilir.
Şizofreni tedavisi güncel olarak üç farklı dönem üzerinden ele alınmaktadır. Akut dönem tedavisi psikotik belirtilerin alevlenmesi ile başlamakta ve yatışması ile sonlanmaktadır. İzleyen ve aylarca sürebilen düzelme döneminde klinik belirtilerdeki iyileşme devam etmekte, ancak belirtiler stres veya ilaç değişiklikleri gibi faktörlerle kolaylıkla depreşebilmektedir. Son ve dengeli olarak betimlenen dönem ise idame tedaviyi kapsamaktadır.
Akut tedavide pozitif psikotik belirtiler, ajitasyon/taşkınlık ve düşmanca tutum gibi hastalığın en ağır belirtilerinin yatıştırılması tedavideki ilk hedeftir. İkinci hedef ise, kısa dönem tedavi planını yapıp, uzun dönemdeki idame tedavinin temelini atmaktır. Son hedef ise atağın tam düzelmesini sağlamaktır. Tekrarlayan bir atak ve daha önce uygulanmış bir antipsikotik tedavi söz konusu ise, ilaç seçimi hastanın daha önceki antipsikotik tedaviye verdiği yanıt, karşılaştığı yan etkiler gibi özelliklerin değerlendirildiği antipsikotik tedavi öyküsü alınarak yapılmalıdır.
Antipsikotiklerle idame tedavi hastalığın dengeli döneminde depreşme riskini yılda %30'un altına kadar düşürebilmektedir. İdame tedavi olmadan rahatsızlık hastaların %60-70'inde 1 yıl, %90'ında 2 yıl içinde depreşmektedir. İdame tedavide kullanılacak doz etkiyi sürdürecek ve en az yan etkiye neden olacak doz olmalıdır. Bu dönemde depo veya oral ilaç seçimi, bu ilaçların uygulanma süresi de diğer önemli konular arasındadır. Günümüzde çok sayıda atak geçirmiş veya son 5 yıl içinde 2 atak geçirmiş hastalara belirsiz süre (veya yaşam boyu) idame tedavi önerilmektedir.
Treatment of Schizophrenia and Antipsychotic Drugs
Since the discovery of chlorpromazine as the first antipsychotic used in the treatment of schizophrenia, numerous antipsychotics have been developed. Today, antipsychotics can simply be grouped as typical (dopamine antagonists) and atypical (serotonin-dopamine antagonistis, benzamides and partial dopamine agonists) with different efficacy and side effect profiles.
Treatment of schizophrenia is currently viewed in three phases. The acute phase of treatment begins with the exacerbation of psychotic symptoms and ends with their remission. In the following stabilization phase which might take [month]s, the improvement continues, however relapse is possible due to factors such as stress or change in the treatment status. The final and stable phase consists of maintenance treatment.
In the acute phase of treatment, the reduction and control of the most severe symptoms such as agitation/excitation and hostility is the primary goal. The second goal is to make the short term treatment plan and establish the foundations of the long term maintenance treatment. The final goal is to attain complete remission of the acute symptoms. If relapse and a history of previous antipsychotic use is present, the medication choice should be made regarding features such as previous side effects response to treatment.
The maintenance treatment with antipsychotics reduces the relapse risk below 30% a [year] in the stable phase. Without maintenance treatment the disorder recurs in 60-70% of the patients within the first, and 90% of the patients within the second [year]. The dose utilized in this phase should be the dose sustaining maximum efficacy with minimum side effects. Other important issues in this phase of treatment includes the choice of depot or oral formulations and the duration of treatment. Currently, indefinite maintenance antipsychotic medication (or life-long) is recommended for patients who have had multiple prior episodes or two episodes within 5 [year]s.

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